Azteci

E Vicipaedia
Salire ad: navigationem, quaerere

Latinitas bona

Pyramis prope Acatitlan Sanctae Caeciliae Civitatis Mexici.
Persona nephritica deum Xipe Totec praebet.
Magna statua ceramica bellatoris aquilini Azteci.
Cosmogramma Aztecum in Codice Fejérváry-Mayer praehispanico; Xiuhtecuhtli, deus ignis, in media pictura stat.
Tabula Azteca compositionis anni.
Pyramides duae Teotihuacanae.
Valles Mexici tempore Victoriae Hispanicae.
Legendum urbis Tenochtitlan conditae in signo heraldico Mexici vehementius pingitur.
Bellator onca, in Codice Magliabechiano.
Tlaloc. Charta in pagina 20R Codicis Rios picta.
Azteca pinnarum mitra, saepe diadema Mutezumae II appellata. Primus possessor ignotus est, sed pinnae ex silva pluviali procul a capite Azteco adferenda erant. Nationale Anthropologiae et Historiae Museum, Mexicopole.

Azteci,[1] Aztecae,[2] seu in sua lingua Mexicani[3] fuerunt certae medii Mexici nationes ethnicae, praecipue quae lingua Navatlaca usae sunt magnasque Mesoamericae partes a saeculo quarto decimo ad saeculum sextum decimum dominatae sunt. Aztec, [astekaʔ] enuntiatum, est verbum Navatlacum pro 'homines ex Aztlan',[4] loco mythologico culturae saeculi quarti decimi, et deinde ut verbum ad definiendum populum Mexicanum ascitum. Saepe nomen Aztecus solum attingit ad populum Mexicanum urbis Temistitlanae (nunc locus Mexicopolis), in insula in Lacus Texcoco situm, qui se Mexica Tenochca vel Colhua-Mexica appellaverunt.

Nomen aliquando incolas binarum principalium civitatum urbanarum consociatarum Temistlitanae comprehendit, Acolhuas Texcoci et Tepanecos Tlacopani, qui una cum Mexicis Triplex Aztecorum Foedus constituerunt, societatem politicam quae regionem saepe Imperium Aztecum appellatam temperavit. In aliis argumentis, nomen Aztecus ad omnes varias civitates urbanas et earum incolas spectare potest, qui cum Mexicis, Acolhuis, Tepanecisque magnas eorum historiae ethnicae proprietatesque culturae partes communicaverunt, et qui saepe lingua Navatlaca pro lingua franca usi sunt. Hoc sensu, nomen civilizationem describere potest cui erant permulta culturae exemplaria plurimis populis in Medio Mexico tempore postclassico exeunte habitantibus propria.

A saeculo tertio decimo, Valles Mexici fuit cor civilizationis Aztecae: hoc loco urbs Temistitlana, caput Triplicis Aztecorum Foederis, super parvas insulas in Lacu Texcoco elevatas aedificata est. Foedus Triplex imperium tributarium deinde instituit, suam dicionem publicam procul a Valle Mexici extendens, aliasque civitates urbanas per Mesoamericam vincens. Fastigium culturae Aztecae copiosos multiplicesque mores mythologicos et religiosos habuit, cum singularibus architecturae et artis perfectionibus. Anno 1521, Ferdinandus Cortesius, cum magno numero sociorum vernaculorum Navatlace utentibus, Temistitlanam devicit et Triplex Aztecorum Foedus superavit, Hueyi Tlatoani Mutezuma II duce. Postea, conquisitatores Mexicopolim deductionem novam in loco profligati capitis Azteci condiderunt, unde deductionem Mediae Americae gesserunt.

Notae sunt cultura et historia Aztecae ex indiciis archaeologicis in cavis sicut celebratissima Maioris Templi Mexicopolis cava inventis; item ex codicibus vernaculae chartae corticalis; item ex relationibus a spectatoribus inter conquisitatores Hispanicos sicut Ferdinandus Cortesius et Bernal Díaz del Castillo scriptis; item praecipue ex expositionibus culturae et historiae Aztecarum a litteratis clericis Hispanicis et Aztecis linguis Hispanica et Navatlaca saeculis sexto decimo et septimo decimo scriptis, sicut Codex Florentinus, manuscriptum inlustre a Bernardino de Sahagún monacho Ordinum Franciscanorum, compositum, auctoribus Aztecis vernaculis adiuvantibus.

Index

Ascensus Aztecorum [recensere]

Saeculo decimo, postquam dissolutio Maiarum cultus praestantissimi in paeninsula Iucatania et vastitas Americae Mediae civitatis Teotihuacan vacuum potestatis in duas Mexici regiones ingentes reliquerunt, gentes nomadum terrae cupidorum e desertis montium in pelvem Mexicanam migrabant et hanc antea a Teotihuacan rectam terram occupabant. Gentium reguli expeditiones cruentas gerebant, et subiectos hostes clientes vectigales faciebant.

Anno 950, interrumpentes hos Tolteci, celeriter reliqua cultus Teotihuacan susceperunt, invaserunt, invaluerunt. Eo exstructionis genus, artem figuli, fabulas, historias susceperunt adsciveruntque, ut cultus conmixtus exsteterat, qui usque ad expugnationem Europaeorum quingentis annis post exemplum omnium civitatum proximarum Mexicanarum erat. Re vera tempus Toltecorum a Mexicanis populis posterioribus aetas aurea habetur. Quidem Toltecorum caput Tula multo minus Teotihuacan erat; etenim, secundum orbem eorum Tolteci, ut prius, geometrice regionem pyramidum graduum et suggestorum aedificaverunt. Harum pyramidum sane neutra altior tredecim metris erat, tamen condiderunt. Tandem Azteci qui naturae constantes erant in Mictlan concessi sunt, sed inferi tractati fuerunt.

Decennis primis, Tulae Quetzalcoatl 'Plumatus Anguis' erat deus praestantissimus, qui e cultu Teotihuacano susceptus est. At illum anno 987 a translaticio deo gentis, nomine Tezcatlipoca 'Speculum Fumans', qui veneficorum militiumque deus erat, fugatum esse fabula narrat; Tezcatlipocam et fratres eius ab excidio mundi totius solum victimis sanguineis humanis illum enim prohibere non potuisse.

De religione Aztecorum [recensere]

Religio Aztecorum in religionem Toltecorum consistebat. Erat ea polytheistica, at in praevilegio henotheismi prodibat. Huitzilopochtli, deus principalis, erat deus solis et belli. Alius in primis veneratus deus Quetzalcoatl, qui olim princeps Toltecorum erat, sed caudica e mundo vectus est. Quetzalcoatl deus venti, belli, caeli, terrae, et procreationis erat, separatim autem is ab omnibus populis regionis vicinae cunctae adorabatur. Praeter hunc nonnulli dei variis momentis erant, e.g. deus pluviae nomine Tlaloc. Simul singularitas est eis, ut ratio omnis a compluribus deis confecta est. Occisis militibus honor erat solem a caeli fastigio usque ad solis occasum cum Huitzilopochtli comitari. Feminae partu mortuae quoque, solem a caeli fastigio usque ad solis occasum comitari potuerant. Homines in aqua mersi vel fulmine ad mortem icti, atque etiam, in paradisum a Tlaloc recepti fuerant.

Vide etiam [recensere]

Notae [recensere]

  1. ↑ Confer nomina biologica Psilocybe aztecorum, Otatea acuminata ssp. aztecorum, Nomada aztecorum, etc.
  2. ↑ Confer nomen biologicum Nothomicrodon aztecarum.
  3. ↑ Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus, Lexicon universale (1698) textus, s.v. Mexicani.
  4. ↑ etymonline.com: Aztec.

Bibliographia [recensere]

[[Frances Berdan |Formula:Aut]] (1982). The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology. Novi Eboraci: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. ISBN 0-03-055736-4 
[[Frances Berdan |Formula:Aut]]; Formula:Aut, et Formula:Aut (1996). Aztec Imperial Strategies. Vashingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 0-88402-211-0 
[[Elizabeth Hill Boone |Formula:Aut]] (1989). Incarnations of the Aztec Supernatural: The Image of Huitzilopochtli in Mexico and Europe. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 79 part 2. Philadelphiae: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-792-0 
[[Elizabeth Hill Boone |Formula:Aut]] (2000). Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztec and Mixtec. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70876-9 
Formula:Aut (1982). Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire: Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-09487-1 
Formula:Aut (1999). City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization. Bostoniae Massachusettae: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-4642-6 
Carrasco, Pedro. 1999. The Tenochca Empire of Ancient Mexico: The Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3144-6.
[[Chimalpahin |Formula:Aut]] (1997) [c.1621]. Codex Chimalpahin, vol. 1: society and politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and other Nahua altepetl in central Mexico; the Nahuatl and Spanish annals and accounts collected and recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin. Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 225. Arthur J. O. Anderson et Susan. Schroeder (eds. et conv.), Susan Schroeder (ed. generalis), Wayne Ruwet (ed. manuscripti). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2921-1 
[[Chimalpahin |Formula:Aut]] (1997) [c.1621]. Codex Chimalpahin, vol. 2: society and politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and other Nahua altepetl in central Mexico; the Nahuatl and Spanish annals and accounts collected and recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin (liber continuus). Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 226. Arthur J. O. Anderson et Susan Schroeder (eds. et trans.), Susan Schroeder (general ed.), Wayne Ruwet (manuscript ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2950-1 
[[Inga Clendinnen |Formula:Aut]] (1991). Aztecs: An Interpretation. Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40093-7 
[[Nigel Davies (historian) |Formula:Aut]] (1973). The Aztecs: A History. Londinii: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-12404-9 
[[Bernal Díaz del Castillo |Formula:Aut]] (1963) [1632]. The Conquest of New Spain. Penguin Classics. J. M. Cohen (conv.) (6th printing (1973) ed.). Harmondsworth Angliae: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044123-9 
[[Diego Durán |Formula:Aut]] (1971) [1574–79]. Book of the Gods and Rites and The Ancient Calendar. Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 102. Translated and edited by Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden, cum praefatione a Miguel León-Portilla (translation of Libro de los dioses y ritos et El calendario antiguo, 1st Anglica ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0889-4 
[[Diego Durán |Formula:Aut]] (1994) [c.1581]. The History of the Indies of New Spain. Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 210. Doris Heyden (conv., annot., et introd.) (Liber conversus ex Historia de las Indias de Nueva-España y Islas de Tierra Firme, 1st English ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2649-3 
[[Susan D. Gillespie |Formula:Aut]] (1989). The Aztec Kings: the Construction of Rulership in Mexica History. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-1095-4 
[[Susan D. Gillespie |Formula:Aut]] (1998). "The Aztec Triple Alliance: A Postconquest Tradition". In Elizabeth Hill Boone et Tom Cubbins (eds.) (PDF Reprint). Native Traditions in the Postconquest World, A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks 2nd through 4th October 1992. Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. pp. 233–263. ISBN 0-88402-239-0 
Graulich, Michel. 1997. Myths of Ancient Mexico. Liber conversus a Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ISBN 0-8061-2910-7.
Gruzinski, Serge. 1992. The Aztecs: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Novi Eboraci: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-2821-3.
Formula:Aut (1985). Trade, Tribute, and Transportation: The Sixteenth-Century Political Economy of the Valley of Mexico. Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 171. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1911-X 
[[Ross Hassig |Formula:Aut]] (1988). Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control. Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 188. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2121-1 
[[Ross Hassig |Formula:Aut]] (1992). War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07734-2 
[[Ross Hassig |Formula:Aut]] (2001). Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73139-6 
[[Terrence Kaufman |Formula:Aut]] (2001) (PDF). The history of the Nawa language group from the earliest times to the sixteenth century: some initial results. Retractata Martio March 2001. Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica 
León-Portilla, Miguel, ed. (1992) [1959]. The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. Ángel María Garibay K. (Nahuatl-Spanish trans.), Lysander Kemp (Spanish-English trans.), Alberto Beltran (illus.) (Ed. expansa et modernizata! ed.). Bostoniae: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-5501-8 
[[Miguel León-Portilla |Formula:Aut]] (1963). Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Náhuatl Mind. Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 67. Jack Emory Davis (conv.) (translation and adaptation of: La filosofía náhuatl, 1st [1990] pbk reprint ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2295-1 
[[Miguel León-Portilla |Formula:Aut]] (2002). Bernardino de Sahagun, First Anthropologist. Mauricio J. Mixco (conv.) (Originally published as Bernardino de Sahagún: Pionero de la Antropología ©1999, UNAM. ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3364-3 
[[James Lockhart (historian) |Formula:Aut]] (1991). Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Mexican History and Philology. UCLA Latin American studies vol. 76, Nahuatl studies series no. 3. Stanford et Los Angeles, Californiae: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications. ISBN 0-8047-1953-5 
[[James Lockhart (historian) |Formula:Aut]] (1992). The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford, Californiae: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1927-6 
[[James Lockhart (historian) |Formula:Aut]]; ed. and trans. (1993). We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. Repertorium Columbianum, vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07875-6  Formula:En icon Formula:Es icon Formula:Nah icon
[[Alfredo López Austin |Formula:Aut]] (1997). Tamoanchan, Tlalocan: Places of Mist. Mesoamerican Worlds series. translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Niwot: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0-87081-445-1 
López Luján, Leonardo. 2005. The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. Ed. retractata. Liber conversus a Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano et Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2958-6.
[[Eduardo Matos Moctezuma |Formula:Aut]] (1988). The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan. New Aspects of Antiquity series. Doris Heyden (conv.). Novi Eboraci: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-39024-X 
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo. 1988. The Great Temple of the Aztecs. Novi Eboraci et Londinii: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-39024-X.
[[Mary Miller |Formula:Aut]]; and Formula:Aut (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. Londinii: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05068-6 
Formula:Aut (June 1983). "Counting Skulls: Comment on the Aztec Cannibalism Theory of Harner-Harris". American Anthropologist (Arlingtoniae Virginiae: American Anthropological Association) 85 (2): pp. 403–406 
Formula:Aut (1990). Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition. Novi Brunsvici Novae Caesareae: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1562-9 
[[William H. Prescott |Formula:Aut]] (1843) (online reproduction, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library). History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes. Novi Eboraci: Harper and Brothers 
[[Matthew Restall |Formula:Aut]] (2004). Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest (Ed. 1, pbk ed.). Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517611-1 
[[Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón |Formula:Aut]] (1984) [1629]. Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions and Customs That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629. Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 164. Liber conversus et editus a J. Richard Andrews et Ross Hassig (original reproduction and translation of: Tratado de las supersticiones y costumbres gentílicas que oy viven entre los indios naturales desta Nueva España, first English ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1832-6  Formula:Nah icon Formula:En icon
[[Bernardino de Sahagún |Formula:Aut]] (1950–1982) [ca. 1540–85]. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, 13 vols. in 12. vols. I-XII. Charles E. Dibble et Arthur J. O. Anderson (eds., trans., notes and illus.) (translation of Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España ed.). Santa Fe, Novi Mexici, et Salt Lake City: School of American Research et University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-082-X 
[[Bernardino de Sahagún |Formula:Aut]] (1997) [ca.1558–61]. Primeros Memoriales. Civilization of the American Indians series vol. 200, part 2. Thelma D. Sullivan (English trans. and paleography of Nahuatl text), cum H. B. Nicholson, Arthur J. O. Anderson, Charles E. Dibble, Eloise Quiñones Keber, et Wayne Ruwet (completio, retractatio, et ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2909-9 
[[Susan Schroeder |Formula:Aut]] (1991). Chimalpahin and the Kingdoms of Chalco. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-1182-9 
[[Michael E. Smith |Formula:Aut]] (1984). "The Aztlan Migrations of Nahuatl Chronicles: Myth or History?" (PDF online facsimile). Ethnohistory (Columbus, OH: American Society for Ethnohistory) 31 (3): pp.153–186 
[[Michael E. Smith |Formula:Aut]] (1997). The Aztecs (first ed.). Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23015-7 
[[Michael E. Smith |Formula:Aut]] (May 2005). "City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica" (PDF). Journal of Urban History (Beverley Hills Californiae: SAGE Publications) 31 (4): pp. 403–434 
[[Michael E. Smith |Formula:Aut]] (2001). "The Archaeological Study of Empires and Imperialism in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20: 245–284 
Formula:PDFlink
[[Jacques Soustelle |Formula:Aut]] (1961). Daily Life of the Aztecs:On the Eve of the Spanish Conquest. Patrick O’Brian (Trans.). Londinii: Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-508-7 
[[Karl Taube |Formula:Aut]] (1993). Aztec and Maya Myths (4th University of Texas printing ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-78130-X 
Formula:Aut (2000). The Aztecs (Ed. 2a, retractata ed.). Londinii: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28132-7 
Formula:Aut (1985). The Aztec Arrangement: The Social History of Pre-Spanish Mexico. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1677-3 
Fontes primarii (Anglice)
Berdan, Frances F., et Patricia Reiff Anawalt. 1997. The Essential Codex Mendoza. Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20454-9.
Cortesius, Ferdinandus. 1987. Letters from Mexico. Ed. nova. Liber conversus ab Antonio Pagden. Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03724-4.
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal. 1963. The Conquest of New Spain. Conversus a J. M. Cohen. Novi Eboraci: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044123-9.
Díaz, Gisele, et Alan Rogers. 1993. The Codex Borgia: A Full-Color Restoration of the Ancient Mexican Manuscript. Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-27569-8.
Durán, Frater Didacus. 1971, 1977. Book of the Gods and Rites and The Ancient Calendar. Conversus a Fernando Horcasitas et Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ASIN B000M4OVSG. ISBN 0-8061-1201-8.
Durán, Frater Didacus. 1994. The History of the Indies of New Spain. Conversus a Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2649-3.
Garganigo, et al. 2008. Huellas de las Literaturas Hispanoamerica. Ed. 3a. Nova Caesarea: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-195846-1.
Zorita, Alonso de. 1963. Life and Labor in Ancient Mexico: The Brief and Summary Relation of the Lords of New Spain. Liber conversus a Benjamin Keen. Novi Brunsvici Novae Caesareae: Rutgers University Press. ASIN B000INWUNE. ISBN 0-8061-2679-5 (1994 paperback).

Nexus externi [recensere]

Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Aztecos spectant.

Mille Paginae.png


Receptum de "http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azteci&oldid=2405404"