Atomus

Atomus cum nucleo et tribus electronibus.

Atomus (-i, f.) (scil. hyle) (Graece: atomos 'individuus') est principalis materiae pars, quae in denso medio nucleo consistit, a nube electronum negative oneratorum cincto. Nucleus atomicus mixturam continet protonum positive oneratorum et electrice neutra neutrona (excepto casu hydrogenii-1, solum stabilis nuclidi nulla neutrona habentis). Electrona atomi ad nucleum a vi electromagnetica conligantur. Simile, atomi inter se ligati manere possunt, moleculam formantes. Atomus qui aequalem protonum electronumque numerum continet electrice est neuter; aliter, onus vel positivum vel negativum habet, et ergo est ion. Atomus classificatur secundum numerum protonum neutronumque in nucleo: numerus protonum elementum chemicum constituit, et numerus neutronum elementi isotopum constituit. Protona et neutrona e quarciis deducuntur.

Historia

Philosophus Graecus Democritus erat, qui cogitabat omnem materiam non esse dividuam.

Isidorus Hispalensis docebat:

Atomos philosophi vocant quasdam in mundo corporum partes tam minutissimas ut nec visui pateant nec (tomnu), id est sectionem, recipiant; unde et (atomoi) dicti sunt. Hi per inane totius mundi inrequietis motibus volitare et huc atque illuc ferri dicuntur, sicut tenuissimi pulveres qui infusi per fenestras radiis solis videntur. Ex his arbores et herbas et fruges omnes oriri, ex his ignem et aquam et universa gigni atque constare quidam philosophi gentium putaverunt. . . . Atomus ergo est quod dividi non potest, ut in geometria punctus.

Plus

Si numerus electronum inaequalis numero protonum sit, non de atomo, sed de ionte dicitur.

Artes chemica et physica sunt scientiae, quae de atomis docent: chemica docet atomos et ionta fingere molecula et alias structuras materiei; physica docet de compositione atomorum et de transmutatione atomorum (fissione vel fusione nucleorum).

Vide etiam

• Bomba atomica

Bibliographia

• L'Annunziata, Michael F. 2003. Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis. Academic Press/ ISBN 0-12-436603-1.
• Beyer, H. F., et V. P. Shevelko. 2003. Introduction to the Physics of Highly Charged Ions. CRC Press. ISBN 0-7503-0481-2.
• Choppin, Gregory R., Jan-Olov Liljenzin, et Jan Rydberg. 2001. Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry. Elsevier. ISBN 0-7506-7463-6.
• Demtröder, Wolfgang. 2002. Atoms, Molecules and Photons: An Introduction to Atomic- Molecular- and Quantum Physics. Springer. ISBN 3-540-20631-0.
• Feynman, Richard. 1995. Six Easy Pieces. The Penguin Group. ISBN 0-14-027666-1.
• Fowles, Grant R. 1989. Introduction to Modern Optics. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-65957-7.
• Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti. 1981. Indian Atomism: History and Sources. Atlantic Highlands Nivae Caesareae: Humanities Press. ISBN 0-391-02177-X.
• Goodstein, David L. 2002. States of Matter. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-49506-X.
• Jevremovic, Tatjana. 2005. Nuclear Principles in Engineering. Springer. ISBN 0-387-23284-2.
• Kirchhoff, Hans-Werner. 2001. Vorstellungen vom Atom 1800–1934. Aulis Verlag Deubner. ISBN 3-7614-2300-4.
• Lequeux, James. 2005. The Interstellar Medium. Springer. ISBN 3-540-21326-0.
• Liang, Z.-P., E. M. Haacke, et J. G. Webster, eds. 1999. Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-13946-7, S. 412–426 (PDF).
• Mills, Ian, Tomislav Cvitaš, Klaus Homann, Nikola Kallay, et Kozo Kuchitsu. 1993. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Ed. 2a. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on Physiochemical Symbols Terminology and Units. Oxoniae: Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 0-632-03583-8.
• Myers, Richard. 2003. The Basics of Chemistry. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31664-3.
• Padilla, Michael J., Ioannis Miaoulis, et Martha Cyr. 2002. Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Chemical Building Blocks. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, Novae Caesareae. ISBN 0-13-054091-9.
• Pfeffer, Jeremy I., et Shlomo Nir. 2000. Modern Physics: An Introductory Text. Imperial College Press. ISBN 1-86094-250-4.
• Ponomarev, Leonid I. 1993. The Quantum Dice. Ed. 2a. Institute of Physics Pub. ISBN 0-7503-0251-8.
• Shultis, J. Kennth, et Richard E. Faw. 2002. Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-0834-2.
• Siegfried, Robert. 2002. From Elements to Atoms: A History of Chemical Composition. Transactions of the Americal Philosophical Society, 92, 4. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-924-9.
• Sills, Alan D. 2003. Earth Science the Easy Way. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 0-7641-2146-4.
• Smirnov, Boris M. 2003. Physics of Atoms and Ions. Springer. ISBN 0-387-95550-X.
• Teresi, Dick. 2003. Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science-from the Babylonians to the Maya. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-4379-X, S. 213–214.
• Lide, David R., ed. 2002. Handbook of Chemistry & Physics. Ed. 88a. CRC. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5. Situs interretialis accessus 23 Maii 2008.
• Woan, Graham Woan. 2000. The Cambridge Handbook of Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57507-9.
• Zaider, Marco, et Harald H. Rossi. 2001. Radiation Science for Physicians and Public Health Workers. Springer. ISBN 0-306-46403-9.
• Zumdahl, Steven S. 2002. Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation. Ed. 5a. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-34342-3.

Nexus externi

• Isidorus Hispalensis: De etymologiarum liber XIII De mundo et partibus Caput II De Atomis