Zea mays
Zea mays[1] (binomen a Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum), Latinitate communi zea[2] seu maizium[3] (Hispanice maíz, a lingua Taino mahiz), est gramen familiae Poacearum, frumentum ab Indis in Mexico australi temporibus praehistoricis, abhinc annorum 10 000 fere, primum excultum.[4][5] Foliaceae plantae caulis inflorescentias pollenaceas separatasque inflorescentias ovuliferas (spicas) parit, quarum nuclei sunt semina. Maïzium una e poalibus est quae in photosynthesi via metabolica C4 utitur ad evaporationem cavendam.
Nuclei, botanice fructus habita,[6] ut holus vel amylum in arte coquinaria adhibentur. Olmeci et Maiae permultas varietates maizii, et molitas et per nixtamalizationem commutatas, coquere solebant. A medio fere millennio tertio a.C.n., maizium per multum Americae excolebatur.[7] Tota regio retia commercii condidit in residuo et varietatibus messium maizi posita. Exeunte saeculo XV ineunteque XVI, cum America ab Europaeis colonizata esset, exploratores mercatoresque maizium ad Europam importabant, quod in alias civitates introducebant. Cultura maizii ad cetera quoque loca mundi extensa est, quod sub diversis caelis crescit. Varietates saccharo plenae, maizium dulce appellatae, pro cibo humano usitate excoluntur, dum varietates maizii agrestis pro victu animalium sunt. E granis Zeae maydis varietatis evertae maizium inflatum praeparatur.
Maizium ad usus plures per confectionem nixtamal(en) paratur. Mesoamericani varias potiones et pultes e maizio faciunt, inter quas balché, posolli(en), atolli(en), pinolli(en).[8]
Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]- ↑ Mays, gen. maydis: cf. nomen fungi Ustilago maydis
- ↑ "Unicum zeae granum edes": Codex Chimalpopoca cap. 13.
- ↑ Traupman, Iohannes. [2003]. Colloquia Latine Exercito Orali, editio tertia (Anglice: Conversational Latin for Oral Proficiency, Third Edition.). pp 71, 297. Vauconda, IL: Editores Bolchazy-Carducci. ISBN 086516438X. "Maiza": Carolus Egger, ed., ed. (1992, 1997). Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis. Urbis Vaticanae: Libraria Editoria Vaticana ISBN 8820917319 (vol. I: A-L), ISBN 8820922398 (vol. II: M-Z), vol. II, p. 13, s.v. mais..
- ↑ The Evolution of Corn (University of Utah Health Sciences).
- ↑ B. F. Benz (2001), "Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (4): 2104–06. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104, PMID 11172083, PMC 29389. Bibcode =2001PNAS...98.2104B.
- ↑ "Please settle a dispute. Is sweet corn a vegetable or a grain? What is the difference? How about field corn?" eXtension (USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, New Technologies for Ag Extension project.
- ↑ Roney 2009: 4.
- ↑ Coe (1994) pp. 117-119, 132-140
Bibliographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]| Valor nutritivus per 100 g | |
|---|---|
| Vis nutritivus | 360 kJ |
| Carbohydrata | 18.7 g |
| Amulum | 5.7 g |
| Sacchara | 6.26 g |
| Fibrum | 2 g |
| Pingue | 1.35 g |
| Proteinum | 3.27 g |
| Tryptophanum | 0.023 g |
| Threoninum | 0.129 g |
| Isoleucinum | 0.129 g |
| Leucinum | 0.348 g |
| Lysinum | 0.137 g |
| Methioninum | 0.067 g |
| Cystinum | 0.026 g |
| Phenylalaninum | 0.150 g |
| Tyrosinum | 0.123 g |
| Valinum | 0.185 g |
| Argininum | 0.131 g |
| Histidinum | 0.089 g |
| Alaninum | 0.295 g |
| Acidum asparticum | 0.244 g |
| Acidum glutamicum | 0.636 g |
| Glycinum | 0.127 g |
| Prolinum | 0.292 g |
| Serinum | 0.153 g |
| Aqua | 75.96 g |
| Vitaminum A equiv. | 9 μg (1%) |
| - luteinum | 644 μg |
| Thiaminum | 0.155 mg (12%) |
| Riboflavinum | 0.055 mg (4%) |
| Niacinum | 1.77 mg (12%) |
| Acidum pantothenicum | 0.717 mg (14%) |
| Vitaminum B6 | 0.093 mg (7%) |
| Folatum | 42 μg (11%) |
| Vitaminum C | 6.8 mg (11%) |
| Ferrum | 0.52 mg (4%) |
| Magnesium | 37 mg (10%) |
| Manganum | 0.163 mg (8%) |
| Phosphorus | 89 mg (13%) |
| Kalium | 270 mg (6%) |
| Zincum | 0.46 mg (5%) |
| datorum USDA Valores per centum secundum normas CFA Fons: USDA Nutrient Database | |
- Fontes antiquiores
- 1494-1530 : Petrus Martyr ab Angleria, De orbe novo decades decas 1 lib. 2 f. 7a
- 1518 : Ioannes Nannius Utinensis, picturae botanicae porticus Amoris et Psychae in viridarii Augustini Chigii quaere speciem no. 160
- circa 1530 : "Relatione di alcune cose della Nuova Spagna e della gran città di Temestitan Messico" in Giovanni Battista Ramusio, ed., Navigationi et viaggi (Venetiis, 1555-1559) vol. 3 ff. 254r-259r editionis 1606
- 1526/1557 : Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés, Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y tierra-firme del mar Océano (José Amador de los Rios, ed. 4 voll. Matriti: Real Academia de la Historia, 1851-1855 vol. 1 pp. 264-268)
- 1570 : Petrus Andreas Matthiolus, Commentarii in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis (Venetiis: ex officina Valgrisiana) p. 305 ("Frumentum Indicum")
- 1586 : Ioannes Lerius, Historia navigationis in Brasiliam (Genavae) p. 102: "quod Indorum historiographus Mais nominat"
- 1597 : John Gerard, The Herball, or generall historie of plantes pp. 77-78
- 1601 : Carolus Clusius, Rariorum plantarum historia (Antverpiae) appendix pp. ccxv-ccxvi "panicum Americanum"
- 1658 : Iacobus Bontius; Gulielmus Piso, ed., De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica libri (Amstelaedami: apud Elzevirios) textus (pars iii p. 199 apud Google Books) ("maizium")
- 1775 : Cristoforo Pilati, "Aggiunta sopra il formentone" in Agostino Gallo, Le venti giornate dell' agricoltura e de'piaceri della villa (nova editio. Brixiae) (pp. 533-558 apud Google Books)
- Eruditio
- Bruce F. Benz, "Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 102 (2005) pp. 2104–2106
- Sean B. Carroll, "Tracking the Ancestry of Corn Back 9,000 Years" in New York Times (24 Maii 2010)
- Sophie D. Coe, America's First Cuisines (Austinopoli: University of Texas Press, 1994) pp. 9-16, 132-140 et passim exemplar mutuabilis
- Michele Fassina, "Il mais nel Veneto nel Cinquecento. Testimonianze iconografichee prime esperienze colturali" in Angela Caracciolo Angelò, ed., L'impatto della scoperta dell'America nella cultura veneziana (Romae: Bulzoni, 1990)
- Roberto Finzi, "Sazia assai ma dà poco fiato": il mais nell'economia e nella vita rurale italiane, secoli XVI-XX. Booniae: CLUEB, 2009
- Walton C. Galinat, "Maize: gift from America's first peoples" in Nelson Foster, Linda S. Cordell, edd., Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the World (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992) pp. 47-60 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
- David Gentilcore, Food and Health in Early Modern Europe: diet, medicine and society, 1450–1800 (Londinii: Bloomsbury, 2016) pp. 144-148
- David Gentilcore, "The Impact of New World Plants, 1500–1800: The Americas in Italy" in Elizabeth Horodowich, Lia Markey, edd., The New World in Early Modern Italy, 1492–1750 (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2017) pp. 190-205 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
- Jules Janick, Giulia Caneva, "The First Images of Maize in Europe" in Maydica vol. 50 (2005) pp. 71-80
- Yongxian Lu et al., "A pistil-expressed pectin methylesterase confers cross-incompatibility between strains of Zea mays" in Nature Communications vol. 10 no. 2304 (2019)
- Richard S. MacNeish, Mary W. Eubanks, "Comparative analysis of the Rio Balsas and Tehuacan models for the origin of maize" in Latin American Antiquity vol. 11 (2000) pp. 3-20
- Dolores R. Piperno, K. V. Flannery, "The earliest archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: New accelerator mass spectrometry dates and their implications" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 98 (2001) pp. 2101–2103
- Dolores R. Piperno, Anthony J. Ranere, Irene Holst, Jose Iriarte, Ruth Dickau, "Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 106 (2009) pp. 5019–5024
- Anthony J. Ranere, Dolores R. Piperno, Irene Holst, Ruth Dickau, José Iriarte, "The cultural and chronological context of early Holocene maize and squash domestication in the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 106 (2009) pp. 5014–5018
- John Roney, "The Beginnings of Maize Agriculture" in Archaeology Southwest vol. 23 (2009) p. 4 ff.
- Jonathan D. Sauer, Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster (CRC Press, 1993) pp. 228–236 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
- Aliae encyclopaediae
- Ruben G. Mendoza, et Irene Casas, "Maize" in Solomon H. Katz, ed., Encyclopedia of Food and Culture (Novi Eboraci: Scribner, 2003) vol. 2 pp. 417–431
Nexus externi
[recensere | fontem recensere]
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Situs scientifici: Tropicos • Tela Botanica • GRIN • ITIS • Plant List • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • GrassBase • Plant Name Index • IUCN Red List • "Zea mays" apud Plants for a Future • Plantes d'Afrique • Flora of China • INPN France • Flora of North America • USDA Plants Database |
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Vide "Zeam mays" apud Vicispecies. |
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Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Zeam mays spectant. |