Lingua Yurok
Lingua Yurok, etiam Weitspekan, est periclitata lingua Algica,[1] prisca lingua tribus Yurokensis Del Norte Comitatus et Comitatus Humboldtiani in extremo Californiae septentrionalis in Civitatibus Foederatis litore, cuius plurimi nunc Anglica utuntur. Sunt circa duodecim maiores qui pueri linguam didicerunt, sed in usu domestica non iam est. Ex anno 2012, lingua in scholis superioribus docetur, et alii conatus ad redintegrandam linguam, qui, ut constat inter eruditos, numerum loquentium amplificare possunt.[2] Solitum referentiae opus de lingua Yurokensi est grammatica ab Roberto H. Robins edita (1958).[3]
Status[recensere | fontem recensere]
Laudatum est programma ad redintegrandam linguam Yurok felicissimum redintegrationis programma linguisticum in California.[4] Ante 2013 ineunte, quinque scholae superiories in California Septentrionali programmata linguae Yurokensis coeperant, quorum maximum in Schola Superiori Eureka offertur.[4]
Archibaldus Thompson, ultimus linguae Yurokensis pro patrio sermone loquens indigena, de 26 Martii 2013 mortuus est, "ultimus ex circa viginti maioribus qui per nonnulla decennia recentiora redintegrare adiuverunt linguam, postquam eruditi exstinctam ante 2010 fore decennio 200 praedixerant. Impressiones auditorias linguae per discophonum fecit quae a linguistis in Universitate Californiensi Berkeleiae et tribu, multas horas adiuvando Yurok docto in scholis degit, et tirones benigne excepit ut suam scientiam probarent."[5]
Linguistae in Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiae Propositum Linguae Yurokensis anno 2001 coeperunt. Professor Andreas Garrett et socii, cum maioribus tribalibus conlaborantes, dictionarium Yurokense ediderunt quod exemplar nationale laudatum est.[4] Propositum autem Linguae Yurokensis plura singula habet quam lexicon ordinarium impressum. Dictionarium in interrete inveni et omnino investigari potest. Explorare dictionarium sonorum, re vera repositorium sectionum auditoriarum vocabulorum et locutionum brevium, etiam fieri potest. Pro studio recondito, repositorium textuum compositorum vocabula et locutiones in maioribus contextibus habens videri possunt.[6]
Mense Februario 2013 fuerunt plus quam 300 loquentes fundamentales, 60 sollertiae intermediatae, 37 provecti, et 17 in conloquio usitato volubiles aestimati.[4] Anno 2014, novem homines ut Yurok in scholis doceant testimonium habent.[7]
Notae[recensere | fontem recensere]
- ↑ Campbell 1997:152.
- ↑ Atherton 2010.
- ↑ Robins 1958.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lee Romney, Revival of nearly extinct Yurok language is a success story," Los Angeles Times, 6 Februarii 2013.
- ↑ Lee Romney, "Archie Thompson dies at 93: Yurok elder kept tribal tongue alive," Los Angeles Times, 7 Aprilis 2013.
- ↑ http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/search.php
- ↑ Norimitsu Onishi, "In California, Saving a Language That Predates Spanish and English," New York Times, 12 Aprilis 2014.
Bibliographia[recensere | fontem recensere]
- Atherton, Kelley. 2010. "Back from the Brink: Learning the Yurok Language. The Daily Triplicate, 16 Octobris.
- Blevins, Juliette. 2003. The Phonology of Yurok Glottalized Sonorants: Segmental Fission under Syllabification. International Journal of American Linguistics 69(4):371–396. doi:10.1086/382738.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press.
- Dixon, Roland, et Alfred L. Kroeber,. 1913. New Linguistic Families in California. American Anthropologist 5:1–26.
- Goddard, Ives. 1975. Algonquian, Wiyot, and Yurok: Proving a Distant Genetic Relationship. In Linguistics and Anthropology in Honor of C. F. Voegelin, ed. M. D. Kinkade, K. L. Hale, et O. Werner, 249–262. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press.
- Goddard, Ives. 1979. Comparative Algonquian. In The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment, ed. L. Campbell et M. Mithun, 70–132. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Goddard, Ives. 1990. Algonquian Linguistic Change and Reconstruction. In Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology, ed. Philip Baldi, 99–114. Berolini: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Golla, Victor. 2011. California Indian Languages. Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520266674.
- Haas, Mary R. 1958. Algonkian-Ritwan: The End of a Controversy. International Journal of American Linguistics 24:159–173.
- Hinton, Leanne. 1994. Flutes of Fire: Essays on Californian Indian Languages. Berkeleiae: Heyday Books.
- Michelson, Truman. 1914. Two Alleged Algonquian Languages of California. American Anthropologist 16:361–367.
- Michelson, Truman. 1915. Rejoinder [ad Eduardum Sapir. American Anthropologist 17:4–8.
- Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The Languages of Native North America. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521232287, ISBN 052129875X.
- Robins, Robert H. 1958. The Yurok Language: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon. University of California Publications in Linguistics 15.
- Sapir, Edward. 1913. Wiyot and Yurok, Algonkin Languages of California. American Anthropologist 15:617–646.
- Sapir, Edward. 1915a. Algonkin languages of California: A Reply. American Anthropologist 1:188–194.
- Sapir, Edward. 1915b. Epilogue. American Anthropologist 17:198.
Nexus externi[recensere | fontem recensere]
- Yurok Tribe Language Project
- Yurok Language Project at the University of California, Berkeley
- Yurok language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
- OLAC resources in and about the Yurok language
- Yurok language resources at the California Language Archive
- "Yurok Swadesh List"
- Onishi, Norimitsu. 2014. "In California, Saving a Language That Predates Spanish and English," New York Times, 12 Aprilis. Re modern revitalization efforts in Eureka Californiae.