Servitus

Vide etiam paginam discretivam: servitus (discretiva)

Mercatus servorum. Tabula ab Ioanne Leone Gérôme (1824–1904) circa 1866 picta. Institutum Artium Sterling et Francine Clark, Williamstown, Massachusettae.

Castigatio ab ero Arabo ob peccatum leve concessa. Photogramma servi Zanzibarensis c. 1890 factum.

Forum servorum in Europa Orientali Medio Aevo ineunte. Tabula a Sergio Ivanov picta.

Mercedariani servos Christianos in manibus Mussulmanorum tentos redimunt. Imago ex Stanley Lane-Poole, The Story of the Barbary Corsairs (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1890).

Mercator servorum in Boleslaum Bohemiae incidit. Saeculum decimum.

Itinera praecipua quae ad transporandos servos trans Africam mediaevalem adhibita sunt.

Arabi servorum mercatores et eorum capti secundum Flumen Ruvuma, in Tanzania et Mozambico hodiernis.

Servitus est systema oeconomicum et sociale, in quo homines captivi, scelesti aut aere alieno demersi in mercimonii loco habentur et ad laborem compelluntur. Servus, ut primum captus aut emptus aut natus est, non solum contra voluntatem suam teneri, sed etiam iure discedendi, laborem recusandi et remunerationem poscendi privari potest. Servitus per saecula in institutionibus multarum societatum agnita est; recentioribus autem temporibus servitus in plurimis societatibus interdicitur, sed per mores servitutis in aere alieno, servitutis per pactum, servitus feudalis, operis domestici captorum custoditorum, certarum adoptionum (quibus pueri laborare ut servi compelluntur), militum puerorum, et matrimonii compulsi persistit.

Servitus tabulas scriptas antecedit et in multis culturis exsistit. Numerus servorum hodiernorum fortasse est inter 12 milliones et 27 milliones. Plurimi sunt servi in aere alieno, plerumque in Asia Meridiana, qui ob dolos faeneratorum in aes alienum inciderunt, aliquando per generationes. Commercium humanum praecipue ad compellendas mulieres puerosque in vitam meretriciam adhibetur.

In oeconomiis societatum ante industriam ortam, servi et eorum labor fuerunt res maximi momenti. Servi et serfs fuerunt circa tres partes omnium hominum saeculo undevicensimo ineunte.

Internationalis iurum humanorum lex servitutem in omni forma prohibet.

Etymologia

Vocabula classica sunt servitus et servitium, et aliud vocabulum linguae recentioris est servitudo; tria varias significationes translatas habent (vide paginam discretivam). Homo servitute subiectus est servus, cuius synonymum mediaevale, ex saeculo XIX, est sclavus, propter servitutem variarum gentium Slavorum illo tempore in servitium reductarum. Haec est radix vocabulorum in pluribus linguis Europaeis (Italice schiavo, Francogallice esclave, Theodisce Sklave, etc.).

Vide etiam

• Abolitionismus
• Labor coacticius
• Gulielmus Wilberforce
• Servitus in epicis Homeri
• Servitus salariaria
• Servitus sexualis
• Servitus (ius)
• Servus
• Tippu Tip
• Lex Aurea
• Mercatus hominum
• Pactio de servitute (anno 1926)
• Pactio suppletoria de abrogatione servitutis
• Pactio internationalis de supprimendo mercatu mulierum et impuberum

Bibliographia

Generalia

• Bales, Kevin. 1999. Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy.
• Campbell, Gwyn, Suzanne Miers, et Joseph C. Miller, eds. 2007. Women and Slavery. Vol. 1: Africa, the Indian Ocean World, and the Medieval Atlantic; Women and Slavery. Vol. 2: The Modern Atlantic.
• Davis, David Brion. 1999. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823.
• Davis, David Brion. 1988. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture.
• Doganis, Rigas, Gad Heuman, et James Walvin, eds. 2003. The Slavery Reader. Routledge.
• Drescher, Seymour. 2009. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery.
• Finkelman, Paul, ed. 1999. Encyclopedia of Slavery.
• Lal, K. S. 1994. Muslim Slave System in Medieval India. ISBN 81-85689-67-9.
• Gordon, M. 1989. Slavery in the Arab World.
• Greene, Jacqueline. 2001. Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. ISBN 0-531-16538-8.
• Hogendorn, Jan, et Johnson Marion. 1986. The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. African Studies Series, 49. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
• Miers, Suzanne, et Igor Kopytoff, eds. 1979. Slavery In Africa: Historical & Anthropological Perspectives.
• Morgan, Kenneth. 2008. Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America.
• Postma, Johannes. 2003. The Atlantic Slave Trade.
• Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. 1997. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery.
• Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. 2007. Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia.
• Shell, Robert Carl-Heinz. 1994. Children Of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1813.
• Westermann, William Linn. 1955. The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. ISBN 0-87169-040-3.

Civitates Foederatae

• Berlin, Ira. 1999. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America.
• Blackmon, Douglas A. 2008. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50625-2, ISBN 978-0-385-50625-0.
• Boles, John. 1983. Black Southerners: 1619–1869.
• Engerman, Stanley L. 1999. Terms of Labor: Slavery, Serfdom, and Free Labor.
• Genovese Eugene D. 1974. Roll, Jordan Roll.
• King, Richard H. 1977. Marxism and the Slave South. American Quarterly 29:117–131. De Genovese 1974.
• Escott, Paul D. 2001. Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk about Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Freedom. Journal of Southern History 67.
• Parish, Peter J. 1989. Slavery: History and Historians.
• Phillips, Ulrich B. 1918, 1966. American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime.
• Phillips, Ulrich B. 1928. Life and Labor in the Old South.
• Sellers, James B. 1950. Slavery in Alabama.
• Stampp, Kenneth M. 1956. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South. De Philipps 1918, 1928.
• Sydnor, Charles S. 1933. Slavery in Mississippi.
• Vorenberg, Michael. 2001. Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment.
• Weinstein, Allen, Frank O. Gatell, et Lewis Sarasohn, eds. 1978. American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader. Ed. 3a.
• Mintz, Sidney. Slavery Facts & Myths. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/ (Historia Digitalis).

Servitus aevo hodierno

• Bales, Kevin. 2004. Disposable People. New Slavery in the Global Economy. Ed. retractata. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24384-6.
• Bales, Kevin, ed. 2005. Understanding Global Slavery Today: A Reader. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24507-5freak.
• Bales, Kevin. 2007. Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25470-1.
• Brass, Tom. 1999. Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates. Londinii et Portlandiae Oregoniae: Frank Cass Publishers.
• Brass, Tom, et Marcel van der Linden, eds. 1997. Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues. Bernae: Peter Lang AG.
• Brass, Tom, Marcel van der Linden, et Jan Lucassen. 1993. Free and Unfree Labour. Amstelodami: International Institute for Social History.
• Craig, Gary, Aline Gaus, Mick Wilkinson, Klara Skrivankova, et Aidan McQ&shy. 2007. Contemporary slavery in the UK: Overview and key issues. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. ISBN 978-1-85935-573-2.
• Nazer, Mende, et Damien Lewis. 2003. Slave: My True Story. ISBN 1-58648-212-2.
• Sage, Jesse, et Liora Kasten. 2008. Enslaved: True Stories of Modern Day Slavery. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-7493-8.
• Somaly Mam Foundation
• Sowell, Thomas. 2005. The Real History of Slavery. In Black Rednecks and White Liberals. Franciscopole: Encounter Books. ISBN 978-1-59403-086-4.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad servitutem spectant.

Vide Servitus in Victionario.

Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Servitus spectant.

• Conlectiones, apud www.ull.ac.uk (University of London)
• "Digital Library on American Slavery," apud library.uncg.edu
• Exhibitio, apud www.marial.emory.edu (Emory University et Oxford College)
• Mémoire St Barth, apud www.memoirestbarth (Comité de Liaison et d'Application des Sources Historiques)
• Museum servitutis, apud www.slaverymuseum.co.uk
• Servitus, apud www.history.com
• Servitus, apud www.pbs.org (PBS)
• Servitus ut holocaustus Africanus, apud www.africanholocaust.net
• "Slavery Fact Sheets, Digital History," apud www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
• "Slavery Resource Guide, apud www.loc.gov (Bibliotheca Congressus)
• "Understanding Slavery," apud school.discoveryeducation.com