Fontem paginae Nelson Mandela inspicere

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'''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''' (natus ''Rolihlahla Mandela,'' [[IPA]] |xolíɬaɬa mandɛ̂ːla|, [[Mvezo]] in vico [[18 Iulii]] [[1918]]; mortuus [[5 Decembris]] [[2013]]), usitate '''Nelson Mandela''' appellatus, fuit [[activismus|agitator]] [[Africa Australis|Africanus Australis]] contra [[apartheid]] et [[rassismus|rassismum]], qui munus [[praeses Africae Australis|praesidis Africae Australis]] ab anno [[1994]] ad annum [[1999]] primus sustinuit, cuius [[civitas|civitatis]] fuit primum [[caput civitatis|caput]] [[niger|nigrum]] et primum in [[comitia|comitiis]] [[suffragium universale|plene democraticis]] electum. Eius [[rectio|administratio]] reliquias coactae [[rassa]]rum separationis intente amovere conabatur, [[resolutio dissensionis|reconciliatione dissensionis]]{{dubsig}} augendo. Ille, [[ideologia|ideologice]] [[nationalista Africanus]] et [[socialismus Africanus|socialista]], praeses [[Congressus Nationalis Africanus|Congressus Nationalis Africani]] ab [[1991]] ad [[1997]] meruit.
[[Fasciculus:Young Mandela.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Nelson Mandela iuvenis, circa [[annus|annum]] [[1937]].]]

Anno [[1993]], [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis componendae]] de conatu contra [[apartheid]] accepit. Anno [[1996]], [[Constitutio Africae Australis|Constitutionem novam]] cum [[parlamentum|parlamento]] decrevit, atque [[allevatio paupertatis|allevationi paupertatis]] et [[aequalitas ante legem|aequalitati legitimae]] favit. Etiam [[Praemium Sacharov]] anno [[1988]] et [[Praemium Praesidis pro Libertate]] anno [[2002]] accepit.

Mandela fuit alumnus [[universitas|universitatum]] [[Universitas Fort Hare|Fort Hare]] (e qua expulsus erat) et [[universitas Witwatersrand|Witwatersrand]]. Gradus insuper [[eruditio]]nis ab universitatibus [[Universitas Africae Australis|Africae Australis]] et [[Universitas Londiniensis|Londiniensis]] epistularum gratia meruit. Ante praefecturam, Mandela, generum humanorum segregationem vehementer recusans cum [[operistitium|operistitio]], Umkhonto we Sizwe, armatam [[Congressus Nationalis Africanus|Congressus Nationalis Africani]] catervam, duxit; quo facto, [[iudex|iudices]] rei publicae eum multorum maleficiorum condemnaverunt. Ante [[generis occidium Sharpeville]], Mandela [[inviolentia|inviolentiae]] modo fuit de motu. Secundum [[lex|leges]] damnationis et decretum iudicum, Mandela in [[carcer]]em coniectus est, ubi viginti septem annos mansit, annis in [[Insula Robben]] non exclusis. Ad extremum, notiones [[Mahatma Gandhi]] eum et suos moverunt.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081020031336/http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_warrior13a.html "Mandela, Nelson: The Sacred Warrior: Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century,"] ''Time Magazine,'' [[3 Ianuarii]] [[2000]].</ref><ref>Surendra Bhana, ''The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914'' (Vahed et Goolam [[2005]]), p. 149.</ref> Mandela fuit in conloquio [[Dellium Novum|Novi Delhii]] dierum [[29 Ianuarii]] et [[30 Ianuarii]] <!--annus=? + Syntax overall needs improving--> quod centensimum festum diem anniversarium introductionis ab [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] [[satyagraha]]e in Africa Australi celebravit.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bhalla, Nita|title=Mandela calls for Gandhi's non-violence approach|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=29 Ianuarii [[2007]] |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/01/29/mandela_calls_for_gandhis_non_violence_approach/|accessdate=2008-05-26}}.</ref>

In Africa Australi saepe reverenter ''Madiba'' (nomen gentile) et ''Tata'' 'pater' appellatur.

== Pelliculae Mandela dicatae ==
{{double image|right|Nelson Mandela's prison cell, Robben Island, South Africa.jpg|210|RobbenIslandHof.jpg|190|Nelson Mandela cellula in [[carcer]]e in [[Insula Robben]].}}
* [[2009]] - ''[[Invictus]]''
* [[2013]] - ''[[Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom]]'' ("Mandela: Ambulatio Longa ad Libertatem") iuxta autobiographiam ''[[Long Walk to Freedom]]''

== Notae ==
<references/>

== Bibliographia ==
* Barber, James [[2004]]. ''Mandela's World: The International Dimension of South Africa's Political Revolution 1990–99.'' Athenis in Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1566-5.
* Barnard, Rita. [[2014]]. "Introduction." ''The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela,'' ed. Rita Barnard, 1–26. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01311-7.
* Battersby, John. [[2011]]. "Afterword: Living Legend, Living Statue." ''Mandela: The Authorised Biography,'' ed. Anthony Sampson, 587–610. Londinii: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-743797-9.
* Benneyworth, Garth. [[2011]]. "Armed and Trained: Nelson Mandela's 1962 Military Mission as Commander in Chief of Umkhonto we Sizwe and Provenance for his Buried Makarov Pistol." ''South African Historical Journal'' 63 (1): 78–101. {{doi|10.1080/02582473.2011.549375}} S2cid 144616007.
* Benson, Mary. [[1986]]. ''Nelson Mandela: The Man and the Movement.'' Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-008941-7.
* Bezdrob, Anne Marie du Preez. ''The Nelson Mandela Story.'' Samoja Books. ISBN 0-620-36570-6.
* Boehmer, Elleke. [[2005]]. "Postcolonial Terrorist: The Example of Nelson Mandela." ''Parallax'' 11 (4): 46–55. {{doi|10.1080/13534640500331666}} S2cid 144267205. [https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05d184cf-6b1f-4c40-a5ab-618d45b3f0cd Textus interretialis.]
* Boehmer, Elleke. [[2008]]. ''Nelson Mandela: A Very Short Introduction.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280301-6.
* Bromley, Roger. [[2014]]. "'Magic Negro', Saint or Comrade: Representations of Nelson Mandela in Film." ''Altre Modernità'' 12: 40–58.
* Broun, Kenneth S. [[2012]]. ''Saving Nelson Mandela: The Rivonia Trial and the Fate of South Africa.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974022-2.
* Denenberg, Barry. ''Nelson Mandela: No Easy Walk To Freedom.''
* Ellis, Stephen [[2011]]. "The Genesis of the ANC's Armed Struggle in South Africa 1948–1961." ''Journal of Southern African Studies'' 37 (4): 657–676 {{doi|10.1080/03057070.2011.592659}}. HDL 2263/19620. S2cid 144061623.
* Ellis, Stephen. [[2016]]. "Nelson Mandela, the South African Communist Party and the origins of Umkhonto we Sizwe." ''Cold War History'' 16 (1): 1–18. {{doi|10.1080/14682745.2015.1078315}}. S2cid 155994044.
* Forster, Dion. [[2014]]. "Mandela and the Methodists: Faith, Fallacy and Fact." ''Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae'' 40: 87–115.
* Freund, Bill. [[2014]]. "The Shadow of Nelson Mandela, 1918–2013." ''African Political Economy'' 41 (140): 292–96. {{doi|10.1080/03056244.2014.883111}}. S2cid 153570087.
* Glad, Betty, et Robert Blanton. [[1997]]. "F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela: A Study in Cooperative Transformational Leadership." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 27 (3): 565–90. JSTOR 27551769.
* Guiloineau, Jean, et Joseph Rowe. [[2002]]. ''Nelson Mandela: The Early Life of Rolihlahla Madiba.'' Berkeleiae: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-417-4. [https://archive.org/details/nelsonmandelaear0000guil Textus apud archvum.org.] [https://archive.org/details/nelsonmandelaear0000guil/page/9 Pagina 9.]
* Herbst, Jeffrey. [[2003]]. "The Nature of South African Democracy: Political Dominance and Economic Inequality." In ''The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics,'' ed. Theodore K. Rabb et Ezra N. Suleiman, 206–224. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93381-0.
* Hoobler, Dorothy, et Thomas Hoobler. ''Mandela: The Man, The Struggle, The Triumph.''
* Houston, Gregory, et Yvonne Muthien. [[2000]]. "Democracy and Governance in Transition." In ''Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994–1999,'' ed. Yvonne Muthien, Meshack Khosa, et Bernard Magubane, 37–68. Praetoriae: Human Sciences Research Council Press. ISBN 978-0-7969-1970-0.
* Hutton, Barbara. [[1994]]. ''Robben Island: Symbol of Resistance.'' Bellville: Pearson South Africa. ISBN 978-0-86877-417-6.
* Juckes, Tim. [[1995]]. ''Opposition in South Africa: The Leadership of Matthews, Nelson Mandela, and Stephen Biko''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.
* Kalumba, Kibujjo M. [[1995]]. "The Political Philosophy of Nelson Mandela: A Primer." ''Journal of Social Philosophy'' 26 (3): 161–71. {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-9833.1995.tb00092.x}}.
* Lodge, Tom. [[2006]]. ''Mandela: A Critical Life.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921935-3.
* Lukhele, Francis. [[2012]]. "Post-Prison Nelson Mandela: A 'Made-in-America Hero.'" ''Canadian Journal of African Studies'' 46 (2): 289–301. {{doi|10.1080/00083968.2012.702088}}. S2cid=142631031.
* Mafela, Munzhedzi James. [[2008]]. "The Revelation of African Culture in ''Long Walk to Freedom.''" In ''Indigenous Biography and Autobiography,'' ed. Anna Haebich, Frances Peters-Little, et Peter Read, 99–107. Sydneii: Humanities Research Centre, Australian National University. [http://epress.anu.edu.au/aborig_history/indigenous_biog/mobile_devices/ch08.html#d0e6318 Textus interretialis.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130724060728/http://epress.anu.edu.au/aborig_history/indigenous_biog/mobile_devices/ch08.html#d0e6318 Archivum, 24 Iulii 2013.]
* Mandela, Nelson. [[1994]]. ''Long Walk to Freedom Volume I: 1918–1962.'' Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-7540-8723-6.
* Mandela, Nelson. [[1994]]. ''Long Walk to Freedom Volume II: 1962–1994.'' Londinii: BBC AudioBooks et Time Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-7540-8724-3.
* Mangcu, Xolela. [[2013]]. "Retracing Nelson Mandela through the Lineage of Black Political Thought." ''Transition'' 112 (112): 101–116. {{doi|10.2979/transition.112.101}}. S2cid 150631478.
* Meer, Fatima. [[1988]]. ''Higher than Hope: The Authorized Biography of Nelson Mandela.'' Londinii: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-12787-2.
* Meredith, Martin. (1999) [[2010]]. ''Mandela: A Biography.'' Novi Eboraci: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-832-1. [https://archive.org/details/mandelabiography0000mere Textus apud archive.org.]
* Muthien, Yvonne, Meshak Khosa, et Bernard Magubane. [[2000]]. "Democracy and Governance in Transition." In ''Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994–1999,'' ed. Yvonne Muthien, Meshack Khosa, et Bernard Magubane, 361–74. Praetoriae: Human Sciences Research Council Press. ISBN 978-0-7969-1970-0.
* Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. [[2014]]. "From a 'Terrorist' to Global Icon: A Critical Decolonial Ethical Tribute to Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela of South Africa." ''Third World Quarterly'' 35 (6): 905–21. {{doi|10.1080/01436597.2014.907703}}. S2cid 144338285.
* Nelson, Steven. [[2014]]. "Nelson Mandela's Two Bodies." ''Transitio'' 116 (116): 130–42. {{doi|10.2979/transition.116.130}}. S2cid 154241514.
* Oppenheim, Claire E. [[2012]]. "Nelson Mandela and the Power of Ubuntu." ''Religions'' 3 (2): 369–88. {{doi|10.3390/rel3020369}}.
* Read, James H. [[2010]]. "Leadership and power in Nelson Mandela's ''Long Walk to Freedom.''" ''Journal of Power'' 3 (3): 317–39. {{doi|10.1080/17540291.2010.524792}}. S2cid=143804607.
* Sampson, Anthony. (1999) [[2011]]. ''Mandela: The Authorised Biography.'' Londinii: HarperCollins.011. ISBN 978-0-00-743797-9.
* Smith, Charlene. ''Mandela: In Celebration of a Great Life.''
* Smith, David James. [[2010]]. ''Young Mandela.'' Londinii: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-85524-8.
* Soudien, Crain. [[2015]]. "Nelson Mandela, Robben Island and the Imagination of a New South Africa." ''Journal of Southern African Studies'' 41 (2): 353–66. {{doi|10.1080/03057070.2015.1012915}}. S2cid 143225875
* Suttner, Raymond. [[2007]]. "(Mis)Understanding Nelson Mandela." ''African Historical Review'' 39 (2): 107–130. {{doi|10.1080/17532520701786202}}. S2cid 218645921.
* Suttner, Raymond. [[2014]]. "Nelson Mandela's Masculinities." ''African Identities'' 12 (3–4): 342–56. {{doi|10.1080/14725843.2015.1009623}}. S2cid=145448829.
* Suttner, Raymond. [[2016]]. "'I Was Not Born With a Hunger to Be Free': Nelson Mandela's Early Journeys towards Political Awareness." ''Journal of Asian and African Studies'' 51 (1): 17–31. {{doi|10.1177/0021909614541973}}. S2cid 144447985.
* Tomaselli, Keyan, et Ruth Tomaselli. [[2004]]. "The Media and Mandela." ''Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies'' 4 (2): 1–10. {{doi|10.1080/17533170300404204}}. S2cid 144534323.
* Villa-Vicencio, Charles. [[1996]]. ''The Spirit of Freedom.'' Berkeley, California: University of California Press.

=== Alia ===
* ''A Prisoner in the Garden: Opening Nelson Mandela's Prison Archive''. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-302495-7.
* ''The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution.'' [[1996]]. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-48374-2.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Dies Mandelae]]
* ''[[Mandelia]]''
* [[Mandeliidae]]
* [[Ubuntu (philosophia)]]

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Nelson Mandela}}
{{Vicicitatio|Nelson Mandela}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biographia,] nobelprize.org (in situ Nobeliano Pacis Praemio dicato) {{Ling|Anglice}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213932/http://www.nmcf.co.za/ Nelson Mandela Children's Fund,] www.nmcf.co.za.
* [http://www.mandela-children.ca/ Nelson Mandela Children's Fund (Canada),] www.mandela-children.ca.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090422130012/http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/mandela.html De Nelson Mandela Time 100 profile,] www.time.com.
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1851882 Mandela: Historia,] www.npr.org.
* [http://www.nelsonmandela.org/ Societas Nelson Mandela,] www.nelsonmandela.org.

{{Praesides Africae Australis}}

{{Lifetime|1918|2013|Mandela, Nelson}}
[[Categoria:Alumni longinqui Universitatis Africae Australis]]
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