Effectus Hawthorne
Effectus Hawthorne est, cum homines experimento psychologico subiecti rationem, qua se gerant seque spectatorum aspectui praebeant, ultro mutant, modo quia observari se sciunt. Nisi enim observarentur, aliter se gererent.[1] Appellatio effectus originem trahit ab officinis Hawthorne (Hawthorne Works), ubi investigatum est, quantopere res quae circa sunt ad productivitatem conferrent opificum, qui electricis componendis commutaminibus operam dabant.
De experimentis in officinis Hawthorne factis[recensere | fontem recensere]
Effectus Hawthorne inventus est ex experimentis, quae annis 1920 et 1930 in officinis Hawthorne haud procul a Sicago facta sunt.
Primum, quantopere inlustratio, sive auctus aut deminutio lucis, in locis operariis ad productivitatem opificum adferret, ab anno 1924 ad 1927 exploratum atque aestimatum est ab expertorum conlegio, Concilio investigationis nationali (National Research Council), praeside Thoma Edison. Compererunt exploratores etiam deminuta luce opifices alacritate excellere. Deinde ab anno 1927 ad 1932 examinatum est, quantopere opifices ad efficaciam incitarent prandia a conductore impensa, aut breviatio dierum profestorum, aut quietes concessae. Nec minus compertum est productivitatem continuo crevisse. Quaestio est, utrum mutationis an examinationis causa ita factum sit.
Dubitationes et dissensiones[recensere | fontem recensere]
Sunt qui effectum Hawthorne ambiguum et ancipitem esse putent.[2] De experimentis scientificis vix agi videtur, quamquam multi commentatores de experimentis loquuntur. Stephanus Levitt et Ioannes List, viri oeconomica periti, fundamenta ad inlustrationem pertinentia diu sine successu venati anno 2011 tandem in universitate Visconsiniensi quasdam notitias invenerunt in micropellicula conservatas.[3] Experimentorum explicatis indiciis effectum Hawthorne aliquatenus conroborari posse compererunt. Itaque, quamvis effectus Hawthorne in levi tantum testimonio positus esse videatur, tamen non omnino incredibilis est.[4]
Aestimatio effectus Hawthorne etiam hodie durat.[5] Quamvis reprehendatur, saepe tamen respicitur vel saltem evitatur, sicut mensurae inconspicuae usu, aut e longinquo loco observando, aut speculo speculatorio observationem observatorum obscurando.[6]
Notae[recensere | fontem recensere]
- ↑ McCarney & al. 2007; Fox & al. 2008.
- ↑ Wickström & Bendix 2000.
- ↑ Levitt & List 2011.
- ↑ Ioannes List per podcast BBC die 12 Octobris 2013.
- ↑ Cf. [Editorial Team] (2018) Hawthorne Effect | What is Hawthorne Effect? MBA Learner 25 Februaris.
- ↑ Kirby & al. 2000.
Bibliographia[recensere | fontem recensere]
- Fox, N.S.; Brennan, J.S.; Chasen, S.T. (2008) Clinical estimation of fetal weight and the Hawthorne effect. European Journal of Obstetrix & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 141 (2): 111-114.
- Jones, S. (1992) Was there a Hawthorne effect? American Jounal of Sociology 98: 451-468.
- Kirby, Mark; Kidd, Warren; Koubel, Francine; Barter, John; Hope, Tanya; Kirton, Alison; Madry, Nick; Manning, Paul; & Triggs, Karen (2000) Sociology in Perspective, G-359. Heinemann.
- Levitt, Steven D. & List, John A. (2011) Was There Really a Hawthorne Effect at the Hawthorne Plant? An Analysis of the Original Illumination Experiments. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3(1): 224-238.
- McCarney, R.; Warner, J.; Iliffe, S.; van Haselen, R.; Griffin, M.; Fisher, P. (2007) The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial. BMC Medical Research Methodology 7: symbola 30.
- Wickström, G. & Bendix, T. (2000) The "Hawthorne effect"--what did the original Hawthorne studies actually show? Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 26: 363-367.