Fontem paginae Archaea inspicere

{{Taxobox
| color =#F3E0E0
 |name =Archaea
| image =Halobacteria.jpg
| image_width =180px
| image_caption = ''[[Halobacterium]]'' sp. strain NRC-1,<br />quaeque [[cellula]] 5 fere [[μm]] longa
| domain ='''Archaea'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Phylum|Phyla]] et [[classis (taxinomia)|classes]]
| subdivision =
| taxon = Archaea
| domain_authority  = [[Carolus Woese|Woese]], [[Otto Kandler|Kandler]], [[Marcus Wheelis|Wheelis]], [[1990]]<ref>Woese, Kandler, et Wheelis 1990.</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subregnum|Subregna]]
| subdivision_ref = <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petitjean C, Deschamps P, López-García P, Moreira D | title = Rooting the domain archaea by phylogenomic analysis supports the foundation of the new kingdom Proteoarchaeota | journal = Genome Biology and Evolution | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 191–204 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25527841 | pmc = 4316627 | doi = 10.1093/gbe/evu274 }}.</ref> et phyla<ref name="NCBI taxonomy page on Archaea">{{cite web|title=NCBI taxonomy page on Archaea |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2157&lvl=5&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock }}.</ref>
| subdivision =
* "[[Euryarchaeota]]" <small>Woese et al. 1990</small>
** "[[Methanopyri]]" <small>Garrity and Holt 2002</small>
** "[[Methanococci]]" <small>Boone 2002</small>
** "[[Eurythermea]]" <small>Cavalier-Smith 2002</small><ref name="CS2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.bacterio.net/-aboveclass.html|title=Taxa above the rank of class|work=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]|access-date=8 Augusti 2017}}.</ref>
** "[[Neobacteria]]" <small>Cavalier-Smith 2002</small><ref name="CS2002" />
* "[[DPANN]]"
** "[[ARMAN]]"
*** <small>"[[Micrarchaeota]]" Baker et al. 2010</small>
*** <small>"Parvarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013</small>
** "Aenigmarchaeota" <small>Rinke et al. 2013</small>
** "Diapherotrites" <small>Rinke et al. 2013</small>
** "[[Nanoarchaeota]]" <small>Huber et al. 2002</small>
** "Nanohaloarchaeota" <small>Rinke et al. 2013</small>
** "[[Pacearchaeota]]" <small>Castelle et al. 2015</small>
** "[[Woesearchaeota]]" <small>Castelle et al. 2015</small>
* "[[Proteoarchaeota]]" <small>Petitjean et al. 2015</small>
** (TACK)"[[Filarchaeota]]" <small>Cavalier-Smith, T. 2014</small><ref>{{ cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | date = 2014 | title = The neomuran revolution and phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and cilia in the light of intracellular coevolution and a revised tree of life | journal = Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages =  a016006| pmid = 25183828 | pmc = 4142966 | doi = 10.1101/cshperspect.a016006 }}.</ref>
*** <small>"[[Aigarchaeota]]" Nunoura et al. 2011</small>
*** <small>"Bathyarchaeota" Meng et al. 2014</small>
*** <small>[[Crenarchaeota]] Garrity & Holt 2002</small>
*** <small>"Geoarchaeota" Kozubal et al. 2013</small>
*** <small>"[[Korarchaeota]]" Barns et al. 1996</small>
*** <small>[[Thaumarchaeota]] Brochier-Armanet et al. 2008</small>
** "[[Asgard (archaea)|Asgardarchaeota]]" <small>Violette Da Cunha ''et al.'', 2017</small>
*** <small>"[[Lokiarchaeota]]" Spang et al. 2015</small>
*** <small>"[[Thorarchaeota]]" Seitz et al. 2016</small>
*** <small>"[[Odinarchaeota]]" Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. 2017</small>
*** <small>"[[Heimdallarchaeota]]" Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. 2017</small>
| synonyma =
* Archaebacteria <small>Woese & Fox, 1977</small>
* Mendosicutes <small>Gibbons & Murray, 1978</small>
* Metabacteria <small>Hori and Osawa 1979</small>
}}
[[Fasciculus:Colourful Thermophilic Archaebacteria Stain in Midway Geyser Basin.jpg|thumb|[[Aquae calidae salientes]] in [[Saeptum nationale Yellowstone|Yellowstone]] archaea nutriunt.]]

'''Archaea''' ([[Graece]]: ἀρχαῖα 'antiqua') grex [[microbium|microorganismorum]] sunt, quorum quisque solum unam [[cellula]]m habet. Hae cellulae [[nucleus cellulae|nucleis]] et ullo [[organellum|organello]] [[membrana|membranis]] ligato carent. Archaea olim putata sunt inusitatus [[bacteria|bacteriorum]] grex, '''archaebacteria''' nominatus, sed quod archaeis est propria [[evolutio|historia evolutionaria]] et ea in sua [[biochemia]] ab aliis [[vita]]e formis multo differunt, nunc ut [[dominia (taxon)|dominium]] separatum in [[systema trium dominiorum|systemate trium dominiorum]] describuntur, in quo [[Phylogenetica|phylogenetice]] distincti rami originis [[evolutio]]nariae sunt archaea, [[bacteria]], et [[eukarya]]. Archaea praeterea in [[quattuor]] [[phyla]] agnota dividuntur, sed multo plura phyla fortasse adsunt. Horum gregum, [[crenarchaeota]] et [[euryarchaeota]] adsiduissime investigantur. [[Classificatio biologica|Classificatio]] iam est difficilis, quod plurima archaea in laboratorio numquam investigantur, solumque studio eorum [[acidum nucleicum|acidorum nucleicorum]] in speciminibus ex circumiecto extractis inventa sunt. Quamquam archaea cum [[bacteria|bacteriis]] olim ut [[procaryota|prokaryotae]] (in [[Monera|Monerorum]] [[regnum (biologia)|regno]]) in translaticia [[Linnaeus|Linnaeana]] [[quinque]] regnorum [[taxinomia]] posita sunt, haec classificatio est obsoleta.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pace NR |title=Time for a change |journal=Nature |volume=441 |issue=7091 |pages=289 |year=[[2006]] |month=Maio |pmid=16710401 |doi=10.1038/441289a}}.</ref>

Ante annum [[1980]], archaea et [[eubacteria]] sub [[taxon]] [[procaryota|prokaryota]] subsummata sunt quod organismi in ambabus congeriebus nucleis carent. Distinctionem autem inter superregna discriminatione [[genetica]] facta est a [[Carolus Woese|Carolo Woese]], doctore in [[Universitas Illinoisiensis|Universitate Illinoesiensi]]. Archaea a [[bacterium|bacteriis]] duobus modis differunt:
* in structura valli, [[peptidoglycanum]] non adest, et nullus [[sacculus mureinicus]].
* in structura [[membrana]]e lipidicae, quia archaeorum [[duplomembrana]]e in hydrocarbonica isomerica consistunt, combinata per ether{{dubsig}} combinationes.{{dubsig}}

Multae archaeorum [[species (taxinomia)|species]] extremos [[habitatio|habitant]], per exemplum [[aqua]]m super 373 gradus K, et aquam [[salinitas|salinitatis]] magnae, [[acidum|acidam]] vel [[alkali]]am. 

Archaea [[morphologia]] et [[physiologia]] habent diversas formas: [[sphaera|sphaericas]], longas, [[spiralis|spirales]], lobatas. [[Diameter]] est ab 0.1 [[micrometer|µm]] usque ad 15 µm. [[Procreatio]] est per fissione duali{{dubsig}} sive fragmentatione. [[Alimentum|Nutritio]] est chemolithoautotrophica vel organotrophica, aerobica, anaerobica facultativa, anaerobica obligata.

===Cladogramna===
Hic habes cladogramma apud Tom A. Williams et al. (2017)<ref name=WT2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams, Tom A., Szöllősi, G. J., Spang, A., Foster, P. G., Heaps, S. E., Boussau, B., Ettema, T. J., et Embley, T. M. | display-authors = 6 | title = Integrative modeling of gene and genome evolution roots the archaeal tree of life | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 23 | pages = E4602–E4611 | date = Iunius [[2017]] | pmid = 28533395 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1618463114 | pmc = 5468678 }}.</ref> et Castelle & Banfield (2018)<ref name=CCBJ2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Castelle, C. J., Banfield, J. F. | year = [[2018]]| title = Major New Microbial Groups Expand Diversity and Alter our Understanding of the Tree of Life | journal = Cell | volume =  172| issue = 6| pages =  1181–97| doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.016 | pmid = 29522741 | doi-access = free }}.</ref> (DPANN):
{{barlabel
|size=36
|at1=18|label1=Archaea|bar1=purple
|cladogramma=
{{Clade
  |style=font-size:100%; line-height:80%|label1=[[Neomura]]
  |{{Clade
    | label1=[[DPANN]]
    | 1={{Clade
      | 1={{Clade
        | 1=[[Altiarchaeales]]|barbegin1=purple
        | 2={{Clade
          | 1=''[[Diapherotrites]]''
          | 2=[[Micrarchaeota]]
          }}
        }}
      | 2={{Clade
        | 1=[[Aenigmarchaeota]]
        | 2={{Clade
          | 1=[[Nanohaloarchaeota]]
          | 2={{Clade
            | 1={{Clade
              | 1=[[Nanoarchaeota]]
              | 2=[[Pavarchaeota]]
              }}
            | 2={{Clade
              | 1=[[Mamarchaeota]]
              | 2={{Clade
                | 1=[[Woesarchaeota]]
                | 2=[[Pacearchaeota]]
                }}
              }}
            }}
          }}
        }}
      }}
    | 2={{Clade
      | label1=[[Euryarchaeota]]
      | 1={{Clade
        | 1={{Clade
          | 1=[[Thermococci]]
          | 2=[[Pyrococcus|Pyrococci]]
          }}
        | 2={{Clade
          | 1={{Clade
            | 1=[[Methanococci]]
            | 2={{Clade
              | 1=[[Methanobacteria]]
              | 2=[[Methanopyri]]
              }}
            }}
          | 2={{Clade
            | 1={{Clade
              | 1=[[Archaeoglobi]]
              | 2={{Clade
                | 1={{Clade
                  | 1=[[Methanocellales]]
                  | 2=[[Methanosarcinales]]
                  }}
                | 2={{Clade
                  | 1=[[Methanomicrobiales]]
                  | 2=[[Halobacteria]]
                  }}
                }}
              }}
            | 2={{Clade
              | 1=[[Thermoplasmatales]]
              | 2={{Clade
                | 1=[[Methanomassiliicoccales]]
                | 2={{Clade
                  | 1=''[[Aciduliprofundum boonei]]''
                  | 2=''[[Thermoplasma]] volcanium''
                  }}
                }}
              }}
            }}
          }}
        }}
      | label2=[[Proteoarchaeota]]
      | 2={{Clade
        | label1=[[TACK]]
        | 1={{Clade
          | 1=[[Korarchaeota]]
          | 2={{Clade
            | 1=[[Crenarchaeota]]
            | 2={{Clade
              | 1={{Clade |1=[[Aigarchaeota]]|2=[[Geoarchaeota]]}}
              | 2={{Clade |1=[[Thaumarchaeota]] |2=[[Bathyarchaeota]]}}
              }}
            }}
          }}
          | label2=[[Eukaryomorpha]]
          | 2={{Clade
            | 1={{Clade
              | 1={{Clade |1=[[Odinarchaeota]] |2=[[Thorarchaeota]]}}
              | 2={{Clade |1=[[Lokiarchaeota]] |2=[[Helarchaeota]]<ref name=SK2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seitz, K. W., Dombrowski, N., Eme, L., Spang, A., Lombard, J., Sieber, J. R., Teske, A. P., Ettema, T. J., et Baker, B. J. | display-authors = 6 | title = Asgard archaea capable of anaerobic hydrocarbon cycling | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 1822 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 31015394 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-019-09364-x | pmc = 6478937 }}.</ref>}}
              }}
            | 2={{Clade 
              |1=[[Heimdallarchaeota]]|barend1=purple
              | label2=(<small>+[[Alphaproteobacteria|α─Proteobacteria]]</small>)
              |2=[[Eukaryota]]
              }}
            }}
          }}
        }}
      }}
    }}
  }}

===Habitationes===
[[Fasciculus:Morning-Glory Hotspring.jpg|thumb|Archaea quae in [[calor|calida]] [[fons calidus|fontis calidis]] Morning Glory [[aqua]] in [[Yellowstone National Park]] [[color]]es claros efficiunt.]]
Archaea in pervariis [[habitatio]]nibus fiunt. Maior [[oecosystema]]tum [[tellus|telluris]] pars nunc agnoscuntur, et fortasse sunt viginti centesimae [[cellula]]rum microbialium in [[oceanus|oceanis]].<ref>DeLong et Pace 2001.</ref>

{{NexInt}}
{{PhylomapA|size=330px||caption=[[Arbor phylogenetica]] coniunctiones archaeorum et aliorum [[vita]]e dominiorum monstrat, [[eukaryota|eukaryotis]] [[ruber|rubris]], archaeis [[viridis|viridibus]], [[bacteria|bacteriis]] [[caeruleus|caeruleis]]. Tabula ex Ciccarelli et al. 2006 adaptata.}}
*[[Biota]]
*[[Taxinomia]]

== Notae ==
<references/>

== Bibliographia ==
*DeLong, E. F., et N. R. Pace. [[2001]]. "Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea." ''Systematic Biology'' 50, no. 4 (Augustus): 470–78. PMID 12116647. doi:10.1080/106351501750435040. Citeseerx 10.1.1.321.8828.
* {{cite book |author=Howland, John L. |title=The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life |location=Oxoniae |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=[[2000]] |isbn=0-19-511183-4}}.
* {{cite book |author=Martinko, J. M., Madigan, M. T. |title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms |edition=11th |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae |year=[[2005]] |isbn=0-13-144329-1}}.
* {{cite book |author=Garrett, R. A., Klenk, H. |title=Archaea: Evolution, Physiology and Molecular Biology |publisher=WileyBlackwell |year=[[2005]] |isbn=1-4051-4404-1}}.
* {{cite book |author=Cavicchioli, R. |title=Archaea: Molecular and Cellular Biology |publisher=American Society for Microbiology |year=[[2007]] |isbn=1-55581-391-7}}.
* {{cite book |author =Blum, P., ed. |title =Archaea: New Models for Prokaryotic Biology |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=[[2008]] |isbn=978-1-904455-27-1}}.
* {{cite book |author=Lipps, G. |year=[[2008]] |chapter=Archaeal Plasmids|title=Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends |publisher=Caister Academic Press |isbn=978-1-904455-35-6}}.
* {{cite book |author=Sapp, Jan |year=[[2009]] |title=The New Foundations of Evolution. On the Tree of Life | location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-538850-X}}.
* {{cite book |author=Schaechter, M. |year=[[2009]] |title=Archaea (Overview) in The Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology, ed. secunda. | location=Didacopoli et Londinii|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-374980-2}}.
*Woese, C. R., O. Kandler, et M. L. Wheelis. [[1990]]. "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'' 87, no. 12 (Iunius): 4576–79. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159/ Editio interretialis.]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Archaea}}
{{wikispecies|Archaea}}
{{wiktionary|Archaea}}
'''Generalia'''
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html "Introduction to the Archaea, ecology, systematics and morphology,"] apud www.ucmp.berkeley.edu.
* [http://www.microeco.unizh.ch/uni/kurs/mikevol03/scinews/ASM_news_69_2003_503.pdf "Oceans of Archaea]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&nbsp;– E.F. DeLong, ''ASM News'', 2003," apud www.microeco.unizh.ch.

'''Classificatio'''
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2157&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Pagina de taxinomia Archaeorum,] apud www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
* [http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/archaea.html Genera dominii Archaeorum,] apud www.bacterio.cict.fr.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150210112109/http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm Arbor Vitae, coniunctiones Archaeorum et aliarum formarum vivarum monstrans,] apud tellapallet.com.
* [http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/12/21_microbes.shtml "Shotgun sequencing finds nanoorganisms,"] apud berkeley.edu.

'''Genomatica'''
* [http://archaea.ucsc.edu/ "Browse any completed archaeal genome at UCSC,"] apud archaea.ucsc.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014223530/http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&domain=Archaea "Comparative Analysis of Archaeal Genomes,"] apud img.jgi.doe.gov (United States Department of Energy, Integrated Microbial Genomes System)

[[Categoria:Archaea]]
[[Categoria:Microbiologia]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Biologia}}