Fontem paginae Selachimorpha inspicere

{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Taxobox | name = Sharks
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|440|0|r=[[Silurium]] > [[Recens]]}}
| trend = unknown
| status_system = iucn2.3
| image = Tiburón.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''[[Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos]]''
| image_alt = Grey reef shark
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Chondrichthyes]]
| subclassis = [[Elasmobranchii]]
| superordo = '''Selachimorpha'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Ordo (taxinomia)|Ordines]]
| subdivision =[[Carcharhiniformes]]<br />
[[Heterodontiformes]]<br />
[[Hexanchiformes]]<br />
[[Lamniformes]]<br />
[[Orectolobiformes]]<br />
[[Pristiophoriformes]]<br />
[[Squaliformes]]<br />
[[Squatiniformes]]<br />
† [[Symmoriida]]<br />
† [[Cladoselachiformes]]<br />
† [[Xenacanthida]] (Xenacantiformes)<br />
† [[Eugeneodontida]]<br />
† [[Hybodontiformes]]
}}
'''Selachimorpha''' sunt superordo [[piscis|piscium]] [[sceletus|compagi ossium]] [[cartilago|cartilaginosá]] et corpore aerodynamico. Prima selachimorpha nota abhinc plus quam annorum 420 milliarda vivebant, ante tempus [[dinosauria|dinosauriorum]].<ref name="RQGT">{{cite web
|last=Martin |first=R. Aidan
|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/geologic_time.htm
|title=Geologic Time
|publisher=ReefQuest
|accessdate=2006-09-09}}</ref> Ex eo tempore, selachimorpha se in 440 [[species (taxinomia)|species]] evolverunt, quae magnitudine variant ab ''[[Etmopterus perryi|Etmoptero perryi]],'' specie [[mare profundum|maris profundi]] tantum 17 cm longa, ad ''[[Rhincodon typus]],'' maximum piscem, circa 12 m longum, quod solum [[plancton]]e, [[teuthida|teuthidis]], et [[piscis|piscibus]] parvis ratione [[colum edendi|colo edendi]] ([[Anglice]]: ''filter feeding'') vescuntur.

Selachimorpha in omnibus maribus habitant, plerumque ad 2000 m altum. Ea usitate in [[aqua dulcis|aqua dulci]] non habitant, ''[[Carcharhinus leucas|Carcharhino leucas]]'' et quinque speciebus ''[[Glyphis]]'' exceptis, quae in [[aqua salsa]] et aqua dulci habitare possunt.<ref>{{cite book
| last=Allen
| first=Thomas B.
|year=1999
| title=The Shark Almanac
|location=Novi Eboraci
| publisher=The Lyons Press
|isbn= 1-55821-582-4
| oclc=39627633}}</ref> Inspirant per quinque ad septem [[branchiae|branchias]]. Teguntur [[denticulum dermalis|denticulis dermalibus]] quae [[cutis|cutem]] protegunt, et [[parasitus|parasitis]] praedita sunt qui eorum [[dynamica fluida|dynamicas fluidas]] meliorem faciunt ut ea citius moveri possunt. Nonnullas series [[dens|dentium]] habent qui restitui possunt.<ref name="Budker">{{cite book
| last= Budker|first=Paul
|title=The Life of Sharks
|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson
| location=Londini
| year=1971
| id= SBN 297003070}}</ref>

Pervulgatae species, sicut ''[[Carcharodon carcharias]], [[Galeocerdo cuvier]],'' et nonnullae species [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Sphyrnidae|Sphyrnidarum]] sunt [[praedatores apicis]], ad summam subaquatilem [[catena cibi|cibi catenam]]. Earum sollertiae praeditoriae homines fascinant et exterrent, etiamsi propter piscatum et alias hominum actiones emori possunt. 

== Nomen ==
Nomen ''selachimorphorum'' a vocabulo [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graeco]] {{Polytonic|σέλαχος}} (pl. {{Polytonic|σελάχη}}) 'piscis cartilaginosus, squamis carens' est, quo nomine [[Aristoteles]] pristes, squatinas, et [[raia]]s coniunctim tractavit.
In [[lingua Latina]], selachimorpha appellantur ''[[squalus|squali]],'' vel ''[[squatina]]e,'' vel ''p(r)istrices.'' Anglice usque ad [[saeculum 16|saeculum sextum decimum]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=shark&searchmode=none
| title=Online Etymology Dictionary
| accessdate=2006-08-08}}</ref> nautae selachimorpha appellabant "sea dogs,"<ref>{{cite book
|title=The History of Underwater Exploration
|last= Marx |first=Robert F.
|year=1990
|publisher=Courier Dover Publications
|pages=3
|isbn= 0-486-26487-4}}</ref> vel Latine, ''caniculas marinas.''<ref>"Unditabulatorem a caniculâ marinâ petitum esse mortuum" ([http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2008/nuntius1.php?id=422 Ephemeris 30 Apr. 2008]; cf. [http://www.alcuinus.net/ephemeris/insolita.php?id=593 ibid. 24 Mart. 2010]).</ref> <!--Commentarius apud :en: adhuc OK. Now skipping to a later section: -->

== Historia vitae ==
[[Fasciculus:Wobbegong claspers.jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Valva]]e ''[[Orectolobus maculatus|Orectolobi maculati]]'' maris]]
Temporis spatium vitae selachimorphorum specie variant. Singulae plurimarum specierum a viginti ad triginta annos vivunt. ''[[Squalus acanthias]]'' maximum vitae summam habet, plus quam centum annos.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mote.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=Shark+Notes&category=Aquarium
|title=Mote Marine Laboratory, "Shark Notes."}}</ref> ''[[Rhincodon typus]]'' fortasse plus quam centum annos vivat.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/nsrc/Basics.htm#live
|title=Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department, "National Shark Research Consortium–Shark Basics."}}</ref>

=== Reproductio ===
Non simile plurimorum [[Osteichthyes|osteichthyium]], selachimorpha se modo [[Theoria r/K selectionis|theoriae K-selectionis]] regignunt, quod significat ea paucos iuvenes bene evolutos producere, contra multos iuvenes male evolutos. [[Fecunditas]] in selachimorphis a duo ad plus quam centum iuvenes per circulum reproductivum transit.<ref name="FAO">{{
cite book
|author= Leonard J. V. Compagno
| title=Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date
|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
|year=1984
|isbn= 92-5-104543-7
|oclc= 156157504.}}</ref> Contra multos alios pisces, selachimorpha lente maturant. Exempli gratia, ''[[Negaprion brevirostris]]'' maturitatem sexualem circa 13–15 annos natus attingit.<ref>{{
cite web
|url=http://www.pacfish.org/sharkcon/documents/gruber.html
|first=Samuel H. |last=Gruber
|title=LIFE STYLE OF SHARKS
|date=February 21, 2000
|accessdate=June 20, 2010.}}</ref>

==== Reproductio sexualis ====
Selachimorpha [[fecundatio interior|fecundatione interiore]] utuntur. Posteriores pinnarum pelvicarum maris partes sunt par [[organum intromissionis|organorum intromissionis]] appellatorum [[valva]]e, similis [[penis]] mammalium, quorum una valva [[sperma]] in corpus femineum intromittit.<ref name="Mating">{{cite web
|url=http://elasmo-research.org/education/topics/lh_2penises.htm
|title=Why Do Sharks Have Two Penises?
|last=Martin
|first=R. Aidan
|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
|accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref> [[Coniunctio sexualis]] ([[Anglice]]: ''mating'') raro in selachimorphis observata est.

Parvae [[Scyliorhinidae]] saepe coniunguntur cum mas circa feminam crispat. In speciebus minus flexibilibus, duo selachimorpha parallela moventur dum mas valvam in feminae [[oviductus|oviductum]] inserit. Feminae multarum maiorum specierum monstrant signa morsuum quae videntur effectus prehensionis marum ut ei posituram per [[coniunctio sexualis|coniunctionem]] sustineant. Haec signa morsuum fortasse morem amoris quoque monstrent: mas fortasse feminam mordeat ut suum studium declaret. In aliquibus speciebus, feminae cutem crassiorem evolverunt ut hos morsus resistant.<ref name="Mating"/>

==== Reproductio asexualis ====
Sunt duo casus litteris mandati in quibus selachimorphum femineum contactu cum mare carens concepit peperitque progeniem modo [[parthenogenesis|parthenogenesi]].<ref>{{
cite journal
|author=Chapman D. D., Shivji M. S., Louis E., Sommer J., Fletcher H., Prodöhl P. A.
|title=Virgin birth in a hammerhead shark
|journal=Biology letters
|volume=3
|issue=4
|pages=425–7
|year=2007
|month=August
|pmid=17519185
|pmc=2390672
|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2007.0189
|url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&doi=10.1098/rsbl.2007.0189}}</ref><ref>
''[http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/10/10/in_shark_tank_an_asexual_birth/ In shark tank, an asexual birth]'', Boston Globe, 10 Oct. 2008</ref> Singula huius rationis non bene comprehenduntur.<!-- but [[genetic fingerprinting]] showed that the pups had no paternal genetic contribution, ruling out [[sperm]] storage. The extent of this behavior in the wild is unknown, as is whether other species have this capability. [[Mammal]]s are now the only major [[vertebrate]] group in which [[asexual reproduction]] has not been observed.-->

==Elasmobranchii==<!--This section appears to refer to elasmobranchii instead of selachimorpha and should therefore be removed to the article on elasmobranchii-->
Elasmobranchii sunt una ex duabus subclassibus piscium cartilaginosorum classis [[Chondrichthyes|Chondrichthyis]]; altera est classis [[Holocephali|Holocephalorum]] ([[chimaera]]rum).

Membra subclassis Elasmobranchiorum [[vesica natatoria|vesicis natatoriis]] carent; habent quinque ad septem pares rimarum{{dubsig}} [[branchia]]rum singulariter aperientes & operientes,{{dubsig}} [[penna]]s dorsales rigides, parvas [[squama]]s placoidium{{dubsig}}. Dentes complures series formant; [[maxilla]] superior non est fixa ad cranium, et maxilla inferior articulo cum superiore iuncta est. [[Oculus|Oculi]] habent [[tapetum lucidum]]. Margo interior pinnarum pelvicarum piscium masculinorum sulcos habent quibus [[sperma]]m transmittunt. Selachimorpha ubicunque in [[mare|maribus]] calidis terrae habitant.

== Classificatio ==
[[Fasciculus:Blacktip reef shark.jpg|thumb|150px|''[[Carcharhinus melanopterus]]'']]
[[Fasciculus:Hammerhai.jpg|thumb|150px|Selachimorphum familiae [[Sphyrnidae|Sphyrnidarum]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Rhincodon typus.jpg|thumb|150px|''[[Rhincodon typus]]'']]
[[Fasciculus:Nurse shark.jpg|thumb|150px|''[[Ginglymostoma cirratum]]'']]

Superordo selachimorpha constat ex octo ordinibus (aliqui biologi censent subordines esse):

* '''[[Hexanchiformes]]:''' duo familiae et quinque species. Creditur antichissimus subordo inter omnes esse. Hexanchiformes sex aut septem branchialia{{dubsig}} foramina et unam dorsalem pinnam habent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.squali.biz/fam1.html|title=Exanchiformi - Hexanchiformes ''Compagno'' 1973 (sito Galleria Selachoidei)"}}</ref> Aliqua exempla sunt ''[[Hexanchus griseus]]'' et ''[[Heptranchias perlo]].''
** Chlamydoselachidae 1 species
** Hexanchidae 4 species

* '''[[Squaliformes]]:''' 7 familiae et 118 species. Nullam analem pinnam habent. Exempla sunt ''Oxynotus centrina'' et ''Squalus acanthias.''
** Echinorhinidae 2 species
** Squalidae 24 species
** Centrophoridae 15 species
** Etmopteridae 44 species
** Somniosidae 18 species
** Oxynotidae 5 species
** Dalatiidae 10 species

* '''[[Pristiophoriformes]]:''' 1 familia et 6 species; rara sunt.
** Pristiophoridae 6 species e 2 genera

* '''[[Squatiniformes]]:''' 1 familia et 17 species. Cartilaginei pisces sunt. In periculo sunt.
** Squatinidae 17 species

* '''[[Heterodontiformes]]:''' 1 familia et 9 species.
** Heterodontidae 9 species

* '''[[Orectolobiformes]]:''' 7 familiae et 34 species. In oceanis Pacifico et Atlantico habitant.
** Parascylliidae 7 species
** Brachaeluridae 2 species
** Orectolobidae 7 species 
** Hemiscylliidae 13 species<ref>{{cite journal |author= C. A. Agro|title= "Note sullo squalo bambù fasciato Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller & Henle, 1838 (Chondroichthyes, Selachoidei)",|journal= Quaderni del Museo Zoologico, Avellino |volume=11 |year= 2008 |pages= 41-47}}.</ref>
** Stegostomatidae 1 species
** Ginglymostomatidae 3 species
** Rhincodontidae 1 species

* '''[[Lamniformes]]:''' septem familiae et sedecim species. Aliquae species periculosae in{{dubsig}} homines sunt (maxime Lamnidae).
** Odontaspididae 4 species
** Mitsukurinidae 1 species (''[[Mitsukurina owstoni]]'')
** Pseudocarchariidae 1 species
** Megachasmidae 1 species (''[[Megachasma pelagios]]'')
** Alopiidae 3 species
** Cetorhinidae 1 species
** Lamnidae 5 species 

* '''[[Carcharhiniformes]]:''' octo familiae et 266 species. Aliquae species periculosae in homines sunt.
** Scyliorhinidae 147 species
** Proscyllidae 7 species
** Pseudotriakidae 2 species
** Leptochariidae 1 species
** Triakidae 40 species
** Hemigaleidae 8 species
** Carcharhinidae 52 species
** Sphyrnidae 9 species

Aliqui auctores<ref>E. Abel, "Selachoidei," in ''Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo,'' ed. R. Riedel (Muzzio, Padovae, Romae: 1991), 608–613.</ref> subordines ''Selachoidei'' ordo esse credunt.<ref>{{cite journal |author=M. Femina et S. Orga|title= "La collezione dei Selachoidei del Museo Zoologico dei Vertebrati (Chondroichthyes, Selachoidei)",|journal= Quaderni del Museo Zoologico, Avellino |volume=11 |year= 2008 |pages= 5–40.}}</ref>

{{NexInt}}
* [[Taniwha]]

== Notae ==
<references />

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biologici}}
{{Vicispecies}}
{{CommuniaCat}}

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Biologia}}

[[Categoria:Ichthyologia]]
[[Categoria:Praedatores]]
[[Categoria:Selachimorpha|!]]