Fontem paginae Hieroglyphica Aegyptia inspicere

{{Videdis|Hieroglyphica (discretiva)}}
{{Hiero|right|Hieroglyphica|<hiero>Y3-n:nTr*S43-Z3</hiero>|sš-nj-mdw.w-nṯr|Scriptura deorum verborum}}
[[Fasciculus:Egypt Hieroglyphe2.jpg|right|thumb|upright=2|Hieroglyphica Aegyptia in templo Kom Ombo.]]
'''Hieroglyphica Aegyptia'''<ref>[[Ioannes Pierius Valerianus]], ''[[:fr:Les Hiéroglyphes de Pierius|Hieroglyphica, sive de sacris Aegyptiorum literis commentarii]]'' (Basileae, 1556) (titulus operis); Cataldi Jannelli, ''Opus hermeneuticum'' (Neapoli, 1830-1831) tom. iii: "Hieroglyphica Aegyptia ..." (titulus voluminis) [http://books.google.com/books?id=B8DljLhDv0UC&pg=PA256&lpg=PA256&dq=%22Hieroglyphica+Aegyptia%22&source=bl&ots=3OmWYiWb_6&sig=57REpzMyE8Bda599k3pJIZa8Wmc&hl=fr&ei=ILabStvfNpDbjQfUxam0BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=%22Hieroglyphica%20Aegyptia%22&f=false liber apud Google]; Michael Maieri, ''Arcana arcanissima, hoc est, hieroglyphica Aegyptia-Graeca'' (titulus libri anno 1614 editi) [http://books.google.com/books?id=954GAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA295&lpg=RA1-PA295&dq=%22Hieroglyphica+Aegyptia%22&source=bl&ots=mELFRz-NVX&sig=FPUwTaamElt7WV8ER-EcgyGyCMo&hl=fr&ei=ILabStvfNpDbjQfUxam0BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=%22Hieroglyphica%20Aegyptia%22&f=false liber apud Google]</ref> (fontibus antiquis ''litterae'' vel ''notae hieroglyphicae'')<ref>"Litterae hieroglyphicae": [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' 1.21.12. "Notae hieroglyphicae": [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Historiae'' 17.4.8.</ref> sunt antiqua signa veterrimi modi quo [[Lingua Aegyptia]] scripta est, annis [[3200 a.C.n.]]–[[400|400 p.C.n.]] adhibita. 

Sunt tres modi utendi ubi signum singulum potest significare: 
* sonum (''phonogrammata''), 
* verbum aut notionem (''[[logogramma]]ta'' sive ''ideogrammata'') aut 
* determinatorem (''semagrammata''). 

Primo 700 signis, postea tempore Graeco-Romano circiter 7000 signis, hieroglypica formant peramplum modum scribendi.

== De nomine ==
Nomen ''hieroglyphicorum'' provenit ex verbis Graecis τὰ ἱερογλυφικὰ γράμματα, quae significant: sanctae (ἱερός) caelatae (γλύφω) litterae (γράμματα).

== Hieroglyphica interpretata ==
{{Vide-etiam|Hieroglyphicorum Aegyptiorum interpretatio}}
[[Fasciculus:Rosetta Stone.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Tabula Rosettana]] in [[Museum Britannicum|Museo Britannico]] visa]]
Anno 396 p.C.n. ultima inscriptione facta, scientia hieroglyphicorum periit. Saeculo exeunte quinto [[Horapollo]] in suo opere [[Hieroglyphica (Horapollo)|Hieroglyphica]] obtulit interpretationem falsam, sed fortasse cum parte vera. Saeculo nono et decimo [[Arabes]] in Egypto quaesiverunt signa aperire. [[Iohannes Goropius Becanus]] et [[Athanasius Kircherus]] studuerunt hieroglyphicis. [[Tabula Rosettana|Tabula Rosettae]] inventa, Francogallus [[Ioannes Franciscus Champollion]] arcanam Aegyptiam scripturam primus aperuit anno 1822.

== De scriptura ==
=== Ductus scribendi ===
[[Fasciculus:Stelae front.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Stela Ankh-af-na-khonsu, cum multo ductibus scribendi.]]
Primo hieroglyphica scripta sunt in columnis a summo ad imum et a sinistra ad dexteram, sed ductus variare potest . Non est difficile statuere ductum verum, nam homines picti animaliaque inspiciunt initium versus.

Sicut multis aliis modis scribendi antiquis, terminus vocabulorum non signatur. Tamen potes distinguere verbulos, quoniam determinatores saepe terminum vocabuli formant.

=== Vis hieroglyphicorum ===
Sunt tres modi utendi (vide supra):
==== Phonogrammata ====
Phonogrammata sunt signa quae sonos describunt, sicut [[abecedarium]]. Solum [[Consonans|consonantes]] scribuntur, sicut [[Abecedarium Arabicum|scriptura Arabica]].

===== Signa simplicia =====
Sunt circa viginti quattuor signa simplicia, id est signa quae describunt consonantem singulam.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; background:#FFFFDE;" border="1"
|+ <big>'''Signa simplicia'''</big>
|- style="background: #FFE39B; color: #773300;"
| '''Signum'''
| '''Numerus in indice Gardiner'''
| '''Transcriptio'''
| '''Appellatio (Germanice)'''
| '''Nomen'''
| '''Res'''
|-
| <hiero>A</hiero>
| G1
| <big>'''ꜣ'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | a '''sicut in''' L<u>a</u>nd
| style="text-align:left;" | ''aleph''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''vultur'''
|-
| <hiero>i</hiero>
| M17
| <big>'''j'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | ie '''sicut in''' s<u>ie</u><br />j '''sicut in''' <u>j</u>a
| style="text-align:left;" | ''jod''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''harundo'''
|-
| <hiero>y</hiero>
| Z4
| <big>'''j'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | ie '''sicut in''' s<u>ie</u>
| style="text-align:left;" | 
| style="text-align:left;" | duo '''lineae'''
|-
| <hiero>i-i</hiero>
| M17A
| <big>'''y'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | ie '''sicut in''' s<u>ie</u>
| style="text-align:left;" | ''i graeca''
| style="text-align:left;" | duo '''harundines'''
|-
| <hiero>a</hiero>
| D36
| <big>'''ꜥ'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | a '''sicut in''' H<u>a</u>se<br />d '''sicut in''' <u>d</u>u<br />r '''sicut in''' <u>r</u>ufen
| style="text-align:left;" | ''ain''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''bracchium'''
|-
| <hiero>w</hiero> sive <hiero>W</hiero>
| G43<br />sive<br />Z7
| <big>'''w'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | u '''sicut in''' H<u>u</u>t<br />w '''sicut in''' Anglica <u>w</u>aw!
| style="text-align:left;" | ''wau'', vel ''u duplicata''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''pullus''' sive nota hieratica
|-
| <hiero>b</hiero>
| D58
| <big>'''b'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | b '''sicut in''' <u>B</u>and
| style="text-align:left;" | ''be''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''crus'''
|-
| <hiero>p</hiero>
| Q3
| <big>'''p'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | p '''sicut in''' Hu<u>p</u>e
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pe''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''sedes''' sive storea harundinea
|-
| <hiero>f</hiero>
| I9
| <big>'''f'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | f '''sicut in''' <u>F</u>eld
| style="text-align:left;" | ''ef''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''vipera'''
|-
| <hiero>m</hiero>
| G17
| <big>'''m'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | m '''sicut in''' <u>M</u>utter
| style="text-align:left;" | ''em''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''noctua'''
|-
| <hiero>n</hiero>
| N35
| <big>'''n'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | n '''sicut in''' <u>n</u>ein
| style="text-align:left;" | ''en''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''aqua'''
|-
| <hiero>r</hiero>
| D21
| <big>'''r'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | r '''sicut in''' <u>r</u>ufen
| style="text-align:left;" | ''er''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''os'''
|-
| <hiero>h</hiero>
| O4
| <big>'''h'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | h '''sicut in''' <u>H</u>ose
| style="text-align:left;" | ''ha''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''aula'''
|-
| <hiero>H</hiero>
| V28
| <big>'''ḥ'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | h '''sicut in''' <u>H</u>ose
| style="text-align:left;" | ''ha secunda''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''textus'''
|-
| <hiero>x</hiero>
| Aa1
| <big>'''ḫ'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | ch '''sicut in''' Da<u>ch</u>
| style="text-align:left;" | ''ha tertia''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''velum''' (?)
|-
| <hiero>X</hiero>
| F32
| <big>'''ẖ'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | ch '''sicut in''' i<u>ch</u>
| style="text-align:left;" | ''ha quarta''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''cauda'''
|-
| <hiero>z</hiero>
| O34
| <big>'''z'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | s '''sicut in''' <u>S</u>and
| style="text-align:left;" | ''es'', vel ''zeta''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''claustra ianuae'''
|-
| <hiero>s</hiero>
| S29
| <big>'''s'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | ß '''sicut in''' Fu<u>ß</u>
| style="text-align:left;" | ''es''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''vestis'''
|-
| <hiero>S</hiero>
| N39
| <big>'''š'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | sch '''sicut in''' <u>sch</u>ießen
| style="text-align:left;" | ''scin'', vel ''es secunda''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''stagnum'''
|-
| <hiero>q</hiero>
| N29
| <big>'''q'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | k '''sicut in''' <u>K</u>ind
| style="text-align:left;" | ''coph'', vel ''ku''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''collis'''
|-
| <hiero>k</hiero>
| V31
| <big>'''k'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | k '''sicut in''' <u>K</u>ind
| style="text-align:left;" | ''ka''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''corbis'''
|-
| <hiero>g</hiero>
| W11
| <big>'''g'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | g '''sicut in''' <u>g</u>ut
| style="text-align:left;" | ''ge''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''mensa'''
|-
| <hiero>t</hiero>
| X1
| <big>'''t'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | t '''sicut in''' <u>T</u>ante
| style="text-align:left;" | ''te''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''panis'''
|-
| <hiero>T</hiero>
| V13
| <big>'''ṯ'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | tsch '''sicut in''' Qua<u>tsch</u>
| style="text-align:left;" | ''tsce'', vel ''te secunda''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''funis'''
|-
| <hiero>d</hiero>
| D46
| <big>'''d'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | d '''sicut in''' <u>d</u>u
| style="text-align:left;" | ''de''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''manus'''
|-
| <hiero>D</hiero>
| I10
| <big>'''ḏ'''</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | dsch '''sicut in''' <u>Dsch</u>ungel
| style="text-align:left;" | ''dsce'', vel ''de secunda''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''cobra'''
|-
| <hiero>V33</hiero>
| V33
| <big>'''g''' ('''g<sub>2</sub>'''</big>)
| style="text-align:left;" | g '''sicut in''' <u>g</u>ut
| style="text-align:left;" | 
| style="text-align:left;" | '''saccus'''
|-
| <hiero>rw</hiero>
| E23
| <big>'''l'''
| style="text-align:left;" | (Aegyptia Serotina)<br/>l '''sicut in''' K<u>l</u>eopatra
| style="text-align:left;" | ''el''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''leo'''
|-
| <hiero>wA</hiero>
| V4
| <big>'''o'''
| style="text-align:left;" | (Aegyptia Serotina)<br/>o '''sicut in''' Pt<u>o</u>lemaios
| style="text-align:left;" | ''o''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''laqueus'''
|}

===== Signa duplicia =====

===== Signa triplicia =====

==== Logogrammata ====
Logogrammata sunt imagines rerum, semper signantur linea muta. Omnia hieroglyphica possunt logogrammata esse. Exempli gratia:
* <hiero>ra:Z1</hiero> — ''rꜥ'', significat "solem";
* <hiero>pr:Z1</hiero> — ''pr'', significat "domum";
* <hiero>sw-t:Z1</hiero> — ''swt'' (''sw''+''t''), significat "harundinem";
* <hiero>Dw:Z1</hiero> — ''ḏw'', significat "montem".
Ratio non derecta ([[metonymia]] vel [[metaphora]]):
* <hiero>nTr-Z1</hiero> — ''nṯr'', significat "deum"; signum est vexillum templi;
* <hiero>G53-Z1</hiero> — ''bꜣ'', significat "animum" vel "personam"; signum est avis cum capite humano;
* <hiero>G27-Z1</hiero> — ''dšr'', significat "[[Phoenicopterus|phoenicopterum]]"; phonogrammata significat ruber.
Logogrammata raro usa sunt.

==== Semagrammata ====
Solum consonantes scribuntur, ut vocabula aliquae habeant eandem rationem scribendi. Determinatores sequuntur vocabula ut non conturbaris.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; background:#FFFFDE;" border="1"
|+ <big>'''Determinatores'''</big>
|- style="background: #FFE39B; color: #773300;"
| '''Hieroglyphica'''
| '''Transcriptio'''
| '''Vis hieroglyphicorum'''
| '''Determinator'''
| '''Vis determinatoris'''
|-
| <hiero>wn:n-O31</hiero>
| ''wn''
| ''aperire''
| ianua
| '''ianua/porta'''<br />'''aperire'''
|-
| <hiero>wn:n-D54</hiero>
| ''wn(j)''
| ''festinare''
| crura
| '''motus'''
|-
| <hiero>wn:n-G37</hiero>
| ''wn''
| ''erratum; culpa;''
| passer
| '''malus'''
|-
| <hiero>wn:n-D3</hiero>
| ''wn''
| ''calvus''
| pecten
| '''crinis'''
|}
Alii determinatores
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; background:#FFFFDE;" border="1"
|- style="background: #FFE39B; color: #773300;"
| '''femina'''
| '''puer vel puella'''
| '''vir'''
| '''rex'''
| '''vis'''
| '''motus'''
| '''lignum'''
|-
| <hiero>B1</hiero>
| <hiero>A17</hiero>
| <hiero>A1</hiero>
| <hiero>A42</hiero>
| <hiero>D40</hiero>
| <hiero>D54</hiero>
| <hiero>M3</hiero>
|}

=== Quadrati ===
[[Fasciculus:Egypte_louvre_222_hieroglypes.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Hieroglyphica in quadratis. Versus primus (a dextera ad sinistram): ḥtp et jmn-rꜥ.]]
Hieroglypica non scribuntur in linea recta, sed in quadratis virtualibus. Exempli gratia (vide dextera):
* <hiero>R4:X1*Q3</hiero> — ḥtp ([[Hotep]])
* <hiero>i-Y5:N35:N5*Z1</hiero> — jmn-rꜥ ([[Ammon]]-[[Ra]])

{{NexInt}}
* [[Obeliscus Philensis (OGI 137)]]
* [[Ioannes Franciscus Champollion]], ''[[Lettre à M. Dacier relative à l'alphabet des hiéroglyphes phonétiques]]''

== Notae ==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Cite web
| last = [[Ioannes Pierius Valerianus]]
| title = Hieroglyphica, seu de sacris Aegyptiorum, aliarumque gentium literis commentarii
| work = World Digital Library
| date = 1602
| url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8979/#ddc=4&languages=lat
}}

{{CommuniaCat|Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphica}}
{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}

[[Categoria:Graphemata]]
[[Categoria:Scripturae Aegyptiae]]