Homo sapiens

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Homo sapiens
Aetas fossilium: 0.2 Ma
↓
Pleistocaeno–Recens
Viri mulierisque imago quae in spatium cosmicum
a Pioneer 11 nave missa est
Conservationis status
Taxinomia
Regnum: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Classis: Mammalia
Ordo: Primates
Familia: Hominidae
Subfamilia: Homininae
Tribus: Hominini
Genus: Homo
Species: H. sapiens
Subspecies: H. s. sapiens

H. s. idaltu (mortuus)
Nomen trinomine
Homo sapiens sapiens
Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyma

Homo sapiens[2][3]est sola generis Hominis species viva, familiae Homindarum et ordinis Primatum. Homines hodiernas corporis conformationes habentes Africa abhinc annorum circa 200 000 orti sunt, et perfectam morum hodiernitatem abhinc circa annorum 50 000 adsecuti sunt.[4]

Quia hominibus est cerebrum humanum maxime evolutum, eo est ei sensus subiectivus abstractionis quo potest ratiocinari, lingua loqui, in mentem introspicere, quaestiones censere, et solutiones invenire. Haec mentis facultas, cum erecto corporis habitu et manibus liberis res tractantibus, homines sinit instrumentis omnium generum uti ad tractandum plus quam quaequam orbis terrarum speciem vivam. Etenim adhibet cognitionis gradum altiorem, sicut agnitionem sui ("ratiocinor ergo exsisto"), memoriam, rationem, ratiocinationem, et sapientiam praebens.[5][6][7] Item habent notiones attributionum definientes rerum quae "personam" conformant.[8][9]

Hominibus est unica peritia ad versanda systemata communicationis ut de se dicant, excogitationes inter se permutent, et res communiter ordinent. Ei multiplices structuras sociales fingunt, quae in multis gregibus una agentes et contendentes coexsistunt, inter quas familiae, pleraque cognationis retia, et civitates, a moribus et legibus temperatae. Interactiones sociales inter homines variissimas statuerunt aestimationes, normas sociales, et ritus, qui una sunt fundamenta societatis humanae. Quia in omni continente, etiam Antarcticam, habitant, homines sunt species cosmopolita.

Aestimavit Divisio Civium Numeri Consociationis Nationum anno 2011 civium numerum esse circa 7 billiones,[10] et aestimavit Ministerium Census Civitatum Foederatarum eum esse circa 6.97 billiones.[11] Insigniter desiderant homines eorum circumiectum intellegere et adfigere, res per scientiam, philosophiam, mythologiam, et religionem et alias superstitiones explicare et tractare petentes. Hoc naturale noscendi studium evolutionem instrumentorum promotorum et sollertiarum excitavit, quae per culturam traduntur; homines quidem sunt sola species quae ignem sibi facit, cibum sibi coquunt, induunt sibi vestem, atque multas alias technologias et artes excogitant et adhibent, praecipue litteras, musicam, saltationem, et alias artes quae ex aestimatione pulchritudinis dependent. Investigatio hominum est scientifica anthropologiae doctrina.

Index

Biologia [recensere]

Vita [recensere]

Homines sunt species hodierna inter animalia multicellularia, longaeviorum. Sciuntur igitur homines plus quam centum viginti annos aetate maiores. Talis longaevitas est res genotypica, cui phaenotypus (modus hominum vivendi) favet.

Evolutio [recensere]

Pagina prima: Evolutio Hominis

Homo sapiens evolutione ex specie Hominis erecti in Africa evolutus est. Ante circiter centum milia annorum Homo sapiens ex Africa migrare coepit.

Omnes homines eiusdem speciei sunt. Varietates conspicuae non sunt scientificae. Analyses geneticae monstrant diversitatem genorum in hominibus Africanis maximam esse, sed minimam in Europaeis Asiaticis Americanisque. Diversificatio hominum extra Africam viventium circiter ante quinquaginta ad decem milia annorum accidit.

Notae [recensere]

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named msw3
  2. ↑ Goodman M., Tagle D., Fitch D., Bailey W., Czelusniak J., Koop B., Benson P., Slightom J. (1990). "Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids". J Mol Evol 30 (3): 260–266 .
  3. ↑ "Hominidae Classification". Animal Diversity Web @ UMich 
  4. ↑ "Human Evolution by The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program". Human Origins Initiative. Smithsonian Institution .
  5. ↑ Alasdair MacIntyre, Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues: "[Language] is insufficient for human rationality, What is needed in addition is the ability to construct sentences that contain as constituents either the sentences use to express the judgment about which the agent is reflecting, or references to those sentences" (p. 60).
  6. ↑ John McDowell, Mind and World: "In mere animals, sentience is in the service of a mode of life that is structured exclusively by immediate biological imperatives." . . . "Merely animal life is shaped by goals whose control of the animal's behavior at a given moment is an immediate outcome of biological forces" (Harvard University Press, 1994), 15; locus in Alasdair MacIntyre, Dependent Rational Animals.
  7. ↑ Owen Flanagan, The Really Hard Problem:Meaning in a Material World (Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press).
  8. ↑ Alasdair MacIntyre, Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues: "Those who have wanted to draw a single sharp line between human and nonhuman animals have commonly laid emphasis upon the presence or absence of language as such, the ability to use and to respond to strings of syntactically ordered and semantically significant expressions whose utterance constitutes speech acts. But this is insufficient for human rationality. What is needed in addition." (p. 60).
  9. ↑ Nature vs. Nurture: The Miracle of Language, by Malia Knezek. "What about the fact that other animals do not have similar language capabilities? . . . This obviously involves some innate difference between humans and other animals. . . . Other animals do not use any other form of language (i.e. sign language) even though they have the physiological capabilities"; ex Andy Clark, Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again (Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press, 1997), 208-209).
  10. ↑ Roberts, Sam (31 Octobris 2011). "U.N. Reports 7 Billion Humans, but Others Don’t Count on It". The New York Times 
  11. ↑ "World Population Clock". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau, Population Division 

Bibliographia [recensere]

  • Bosinski, Gerhard. 1990. Homo sapiens: l’histoire des chasseurs du paléolithique supérieur en Europe (40000-10000 av. J.-C.). Lutetiae: Éditions Errance.
  • Boyd, et Silk. 2004. L’aventure humaine: des molécules à la culture. De Boeck. ISBN 978-2-8041-4333-6.
  • Bryson, Bill. 2003. "Una breve historia de casi todo." Barcinonae: RBA Libros.
  • Burenhult, Göran, et al. 2000. Die ersten Menschen: Die Ursprünge des Menschen bis 10.000 vor Christus. Hamburgi: Jahr-Verlag. ISBN 3-8289-0741-5.
  • Darwin, Charles. 1839. Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe: Journal and remarks. 1832–1836. Vol. III. Londinii: Henry Colburn Situs apud darwin-online.org.uk, confirmatus 24 Octobris 2008.
  • Darwin, Charles. 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. Ed. 2a. Londinii: John Murray. Situs apud darwin-online.ork.uk, confirmatus 24 Octobris 2008.
  • Darwin, Charles, et Alfred Russel Wallace. 1858. On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. Zoology 3. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 46–50. doi 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x, confirmatus 30 Octobris 2008.
  • Darwin, Charles. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Ed. 1a. Londinii: John Murray. Situa apud darwin-online.org.uk, confirmatus 24 Octobris 2008. ISBN 1-4353-9386-4.
  • Darwin, Charles. 1871. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. Ed. 1a. Londinii: John Murray. Situs apud darwin-online.ork.uk, confirmatus 24 Octobris 2008. ISBN 0-8014-2085-7.
  • Darwin, Charles. 1872. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Ed. 6a. Londinii: John Murray. Situs apud darwin-online.org.uk, confirmatus 1 Novembris 2009. ISBN 1-4353-9386-4.
  • Dawkins, Richard. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-286092-5.
  • Dawkins, Richard. 1982. The Extended Phenotype. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-288051-9.
  • Dawkins, Richard. 2006. The God Delusion. Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.
  • Freeman, Scott, et Jon C. Herron. 2007. Evolutionary Analysis. Ed. 4a. Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN 0-13-227584-8.
  • Kunsch, Konrad, et Steffen Kunsch. 2006. Der Mensch in Zahlen. Eine Datensammlung in Tabellen mit über 20000 Einzelwerten. Ed. 3a. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. ISBN 3-8274-1731-7.
  • Morgan Allman, John. 2003. El cerebro en evolución. Barcinonae: Ariel.
  • Morris, Desmond. 1967. The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal. ISBN 0-07-043174-4. Retractatus ISBN 0-385-33430-3.
  • Schäppi, Rolf. 2002. La femme est le propre de l’homme. Odile Jacob.
  • Schrenk, Friedemann. 2008. Die Frühzeit des Menschen: Der Weg zum Homo sapiens. Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-57703-1.
  • Schüring, Joachim. 2006. Von der anderen Art. In Abenteuer Archäologie: Kulturen, Menschen, Monumente. Heidelberg: Spektrum der Wissenschaft Verl.-Ges. ISSN 1612-9954.

Nexus externi [recensere]

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