Fontem paginae Lycaenidae inspicere

{{Taxobox
| name = Lycaenidae
| image = Peablue October 2007 Osaka Japan.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Lampides boeticus]]'' ([[Polyommatinae]]) 
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| subphylum = [[Hexapoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| unranked_superfamilia = [[Rhopalocera]]
| superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]]
| familia = '''Lycaenidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Gulielmus Elford Leach|Leach]], [[1815]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamiliae]]
| subdivision =
*[[Curetinae]]
*[[Liphyrinae]]
*[[Lipteninae]]
*[[Lycaeninae]]
*[[Miletinae]]
*[[Polyommatinae]]
*[[Poritiinae]]
*[[Theclinae]] ''et vide commentarium et'' [[Index generum Lycaenidarum|Indicem generum Lycaenidarum]]
}}

'''Lycaenidae''' sunt secunda a maxima [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[lepidoptera|papilionum]], inter quam circa 6000 [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] omnem per [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] inventarum.<ref>K. Fiedler (1996), "Host-plant relationships of lycaenid butterflies: large-scale patterns, interactions with plant chemistry, and mutualism with ants," ''Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata'' 80(1):259-267 doi:10.1007/BF00194770 [http://www.springerlink.com/content/rmrv30142015l422/]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> Eae sunt circa [[quattuor]] decimae notarum lepidopterorum specierum.<ref>M. G. Venkatesha (2005), "Why is homopterophagous butterfly, ''Spalgis epius'' (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) amyrmecophilous?" ''Current Science'' 89 (2): 245-246. [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jul252005/245.pdf].</ref>

Familia usitate dividitur in [[subfamilia]]s [[Miletinae|Miletinas]],  [[Lycaeninae|Lycaeninas]], [[Polyommatinae|Polyommatinas]], [[Theclinae|Theclinas]]. Aliae sunt [[Curetinae]], [[Liphyrinae]], [[Lipteninae]],  [[Poritiinae]]. Aliqui [[auctore]]s familiam [[Riodinidae|Riodinidas]] intra Lycaenidas iam digerunt. [[Styginae]], prior subfamilia [[monotypica]], inter quam ''[[Styx infernalis]]'' et ''[[Andes]] [[Peruvia]]nis,'' in subfamiliam [[Euselasiinae|Euselasiinas]] familiae Riodinidarum digesta est.<ref>J. P. W. Hall et D. J. Harvey (2002), "A survey of androconial organs in the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera)," ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' 136:171-197.</ref><ref name=tolweb>Andrew V. Z. Brower (2007), "Riodinidae Grote 1895. Metalmarks, Erycinidae Swainson 1827 (see nomenclature section). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170112204529/http://tolweb.org/Riodinidae/12174 Commentarius diei 19 Maii 2007,] apud tolweb.org (Arbor Vitae).</ref>

Adulti plerumque sunt parvi, minus quam 5 cm, clare [[color]]ati, aliquando nitorem [[metallum|metallicum]] exhibentes. Anterioria [[mas|maris]] [[Crus|crura]] [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] deminuuntur et [[unguis|unguibus]] carent.

[[Larva]]e saepe sunt aliquantulum planae (non [[cylindrus|cylindricales]]), cum [[glandula|glandulis]] quae secretiones [[formica]]s attrahentis domantisque generant. [[Cuticulus|Cuticuli]] densari solent. Nonnullae larvae possunt motus [[sonus|sonos]]que profundos efficere qui per substrata in quibus eae [[habitatio|habitant]] transmittuntur; his sonis ut cum formicis communicent utuntur.<ref name="pierce">N. E. Pierce, M. F. Braby, A. Heath. D. J. Lohman, J. Mathew, D. B. Rand,et M. A. Travassos (2002) "The ecology and evolution of ant association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)," ''Annual Review of Entomology'' 47: 733-771. [http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/pierce/publicaciones/Naomi%27s%20papers/Pierce_et_al_2002.pdf PDF].</ref><ref>Philip J. DeVries (1992), "Singing Caterpillars, Ants and Symbiosis." ''Scientific American'' 267:76.</ref>

Singulis adultis saepe sunt [[cauda]]e pilosae sicut [[antenna]]e, in conspectu
[[niger|nigro]] [[albus|albo]]que annulatae. Multis speciebus est macula ad fundamentum caudae sita, et nonnullae considentes se ad confundendos [[praedator]]es circumagunt, ut illi, veram [[caput|capitis]] orientationem non agnoscentes, non a tergo sed ad caput verum appropinquent.<!--resulting in early visual detection on the part of the butterflies--><ref>Robert K. Robbins (1981), "The 'False Head' Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies," ''American Naturalist'' 118(5):770-775.</ref>

==Oecologia==
[[Fasciculus:Lycaenid ant sec.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Formica]]e [[larva]]m Lycaenidam curant.]]
[[Victus]] Lycaenidarum est diversus, et praeter [[phytophagia]]m, aliquae sunt [[entomophagia|entomophagae]], quae [[aphidoidea|aphidoideis]], [[coccoidea|coccoideis]], et larvis [[formica]]rum vescuntur. Aliquae ab earum coniunctione cum formicis proficiuntur quia eae formicas inducunt ut eis [[vomitus|vomitum]] dent, ex modo [[trophallaxis]] appellato. Non omnes Lycaenidae formicas requirunt, sed circa 75% specierum formicis utuntur.<ref name="pierce"/> (Nomen talis coniunctionis est ''[[myrmecophilia]].'') Hae coniunctiones sunt mutualisticae, [[parasitus|parasiticae]], vel [[praedator]]iae, secundum speciem.

Larvae nonnullarum specierum, dum [[planta|plantis]] [[victus|vescuntur]], a formicis curantur et defenduntur, et formicarum rem ''[[honeydew]]''{{dubsig}}, [[saccharum|saccharo]] abundantem, per [[vita]]m larvalem accipiunt. In aliis speciebus, solum prima pauca [[instar]]ia super plantam vivunt, et reliquium vitae larvalis ut [[praedator]] intra nidum degitur. Haec instaria fiunt [[parasitus|parasiti]], qui vomitu vescuntur, vel praedatores larvarum formicarum.<ref name="pierce"/> [[Eruca]]e [[pupa]]nt intra nidum formicarum, atque formicae pupam curare perseverant. Paululum antequam adultus excluditur, [[ala]]e intra receptaculum pupale se ex eo separant, et pupa fit [[argenteus|argentea]].  Adultus ex pupa post 3–4 [[hebdomas|spatia dierum septem]] excluditur, iam intra nidum formicarum. Papilio, antequam [[ala]]s extendere potest, ex nido repere debet.

Nonnullae adaptationes [[evolutio]]nariae facultatem harum coniunctionum faciunt. Inter eas sunt parvae [[glandula|glandulae]] in [[cutis|cute]] erucarum ''pore cupola organs'' [[Anglice]] appellatae. [[Eruca|Erucis]] multarum specierum, [[Riodininae|Riodininis]] exceptis, est glandula in [[septem|septimo]] segmento [[abdomen|abdominali]], quae ''honeydew''{{dubsig}} producit, et ''dorsalis glandula nectaria'' et ''glans Newcomeri'' appellatur. [[Organum (biologia)|Organum]] eversibile, ''organum tentaculare'' appellatum, in [[octo|octavo]] segmento abdominali (in Riodininis, in [[tres|tertio]] [[thorax|thoracis]] segmento) exsistit, quod est [[cylindrus|cylindricale]], anulo spicarum in summa parte sito, et signa [[chemia|chemica]] quae auxilium communicationis cum formicis putantur emittit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071118081136/http://www.amonline.net.au/factSheets/lycaenid.htm Australian Museum factsheets] Accessed 4 November 2010 on the [http://www.archive.org/web/web.php Wayback Machine].</ref>

Usque ad 30% periclitatorum orbis terrarum papilionum sunt Lycaenidae.

==Subfamiliae==
[[Fasciculus:Indian_sunbeam_male_up.jpg|thumb|''[[Curetis thetis]]'' ([[Curetinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Eumaeus atalaPCCP20040417-4033A.jpg|thumb|[[Eruca]]e ''[[Eumaeus atala|Eumaei atala]]'' ([[Theclinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Leaf Blue (Amblypodia anita) W IMG_2700.jpg|thumb|''[[Amblypodia anita]]'' ([[Theclinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Lycaena phlaeas5.jpg|thumb|''[[Lycaena phlaeas]]'' ([[Lycaeninae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Nacaduba cyanea (ento-csiro-au).jpg|thumb|''[[Nacaduba cyanea]]'' ([[Polyommatinae]])]]

Multi [[taxinomista]]e solum [[Curetinae|Curetinas]], [[Lycaeninae|Lycaeninas]], [[Miletinae|Miletinas]], [[Poritiinae|Poritiinasque]] in Lycaenidas digerunt.<ref>David R. Maddison (2003), "Lycaenidae." Version 01 January 2003 (temporary). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606021253/http://tolweb.org/Lycaenidae/12175/2003.01.01] in The Tree of Life Web Project, [http://tolweb.org/].</ref><ref>P. R. Ackery, R. de Jong, et R. I. Vane-Wright (1999), "The butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea, and Papilionoidea," in ''Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography,'' ed. N. P. Kristensen, pp. 264-300. Handbook of Zoology, 4, part 35. Berolini et Novi Eboraci: De Gruyter.</ref> Genus ''[[Chrysoritis]],'' inter Lycaenidas digestum, ad subfamiliam non iam adsignatum est. Aliae classificationes insigniter [[Riodininae|Riodininas]] (e.g., ''[[Abisara echerius]]'') comprehendunt.<ref>M. J. Scoble, ''The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity'' (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 1992). ISBN 0-19-854952-0.</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
|1={{Clade
   |1=[[Curetinae]]
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |label1=[[Poritiinae]]
   |1={{clade
            |1=Pentilini
            |2=Liptenini
            |3=Poritiini
            }} 
         |label2=[[Miletinae]]
  |2={{clade
            |1=Lacnocnemini
            |2=Liphyrini
            |3=Miletini
            |4=Spalgini
            }}
         }}
      |label2=[[Lycaeninae]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=Aphnaeini
         |2=Lycaenini
         |3=Polyommatini
         |4=Theclini
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
Phylogenia familiae.<ref name=tolweb/>
* [[Lipteninae]] (Afrotropicae)
* [[Poritiinae]] (Orientales)
* [[Liphyrinae]] (plerumque Africanae, nonnullae Asianae)
** ''[[Liphyra brassolis]]'' (maxima lycaenida)
* [[Miletinae]] (plerumque Africanae vel Orientales; aliquae Holarcticae); [[Aphidoidea|aphidoideis]] vel eorum secretionibus vesci videntur.
* [[Curetinae]] (Orientales vel Palaearcticae)
** ''[[Curetis thetis]]''
* [[Theclinae]]
** ''[[Satyrium pruni]]''
** ''[[Atlides halesus]]''
** ''[[Eumaeus atala]]''
* [[Lycaeninae]] (Holarcticae)
** ''[[Lycaena boldenarum]]''
** ''[[Lycaena feredayi]]''
** ''[[Lycaena rauparaha]]''
** ''[[Lycaena salustius]]''
** ''[[Lycaena dispar]]''
** ''[[Lycaena phlaeas]]''
** ''[[Talicada nyseus]]''
* [[Polyommatinae]]
** ''[[Celastrina neglecta]]''
** ''[[Celastrina ladon]]''
** ''[[Cupido comyntas]]''
** ''[[Cupido minimus]]''
** ''[[Euphilotes battoides allyni]]''
** ''[[Euphilotes pallescens arenamontana]]''
** ''[[Jameela palmyra]]''
** ''[[Jameela albiplaga]]''
** ''[[Polyommatus icarus]]''
** ''[[Polyommatus semiargus]]''
** ''[[Glaucopsyche lygdamus]]''
** ''[[Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis]]''
** ''[[Glaucopsyche xerces]]'' ([[exstinctio|exstincta]])
** ''[[Plebejus argus]]''
** ''[[Maculinea arion]]''
** ''[[Icaricia icarioides fenderi]]''
** ''[[Pseudozizeeria maha]]''

==Pinacotheca==
<gallery>
Fasciculus:VB 062 Bright Sunbeam UP.jpg|''[[Curetis bulis]]'' ([[Curetinae]])
Fasciculus:Liphyra brassolis fia.png|''[[Liphyra brassolis]]'' ([[Liphyrinae]])
Fasciculus:Heliophorus ila matsumurae PICT6037.jpg|''[[Heliophorus ila|Heliophorus ila matsumurae]]'' [[mas]] ([[Lycaeninae]])
Fasciculus:Chrysophanus.phlaeas.2163.jpg|''[[Chrysophanus phlaeas]]'' ([[Lycaeninae]])
Fasciculus:Pale Grass Blue.jpg|''[[Pseudozizeeria maha]]'' ([[Polyommatinae]]) 
Fasciculus:Polyommatus_icarus.jpg|''[[Polyommatus icarus]]'' ([[Polyommatinae]])
Fasciculus:Avene fg04.JPG|''[[Polyommatus semiargus]]'' ([[Polyommatinae]]) coniunguntur.
Fasciculus:Dark_cerulean001.jpg|''[[Jamides bochus]]'' (subfamilia ignota)
Fasciculus:Common Lineblue (Prosotas nora) W IMG 2843.jpg|''[[Prosotas nora]]'' (subfamilia ignota)
Fasciculus:Callophrys sheridanii 15737 (cropped).JPG|''[[Callophrys|Callophrys sheridanii]]''
</gallery>

{{NexInt}}
*''[[Aloeides stevensoni]]''
*''[[Bergmania]]''
*[[Index generum Lycaenidarum]]

==Notae==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes biologici}}
{{Wikispecies|Lycaenidae|Lycaenidas}}{{CommuniaCat|Lycaenidae|Lycaenidas}}
*[http://bugguide.net/node/view/194 De familia] apud bugguide.net
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120325192542/http://lepidoptera.pro/family/lycaenidae/ De familia] apud lepidoptera.pro
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170113171751/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Lycaenidae De familia] apud tolweb.org (Arbor Vitae)

[[Categoria:Lepidoptera]]
[[Categoria:Lycaenidae| ]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Leach]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1815]]

{{Myrias|Biologia}}