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Emendatio ex 20:29, 1 Iulii 2020

Classificatio biologica, vel scientifica in biologia classificatio, est ratio qua biologi organismos digerunt et secundum typum biologicum, sicut genus speciesque, rite describunt. Ea est exemplum taxinomiae scientificae, sed a taxinomia vulgare distinguenda est, quae fundamento scientifico caret.

Hodierna classificatio biologica ex opere Caroli Linnaei deducitur, qui species secundum communes proprietates physicas digessit. Suae dispositiones postea retractatae sunt ut eae cum Darwiniana descensus communis regulis melius congruant. Phylogenetica molecularis, quae pro rebus investigandis sequentiis ADN sive geni utitur, multas emendationes recentiores egit, et haud dubie agendo continuabit. Classificatio biologica ad scientiam systematicae biologicae pertinet.

Gradus taxinomici

Gradus in classificatione biologica est positio (vel positio relativa) in hierarchia taxinomica. Septem primi gradus taxinomici ab internationalibus nominum biologicorum legibus definiuntur: regnum, phylum, classis, ordo, familia, genus, species. Dominium, gradus super regnum, populo recentioribus annis gratum fit, sed inter leges non iam accipitur.

Gravissimus gradus est species, proximus genus, et deinde familia. Aliquando, sed raro, terminus "categoriae taxinomicae" contra gradum adhibetur.

Regna et regiones

Regiones sunt grex novior. Systema trium regionum excogitatum est anno 1990,^[1] sed celeriter non late acceptum est. Plurimi biologi systema regnorum quinque, multi autem systema trium adhibent. Prima proprietas rationis trium dominiorum est separatio Archaeorum et Bacteriorum, olim in singulum regnum, Bacteria, digestorum, regnum aliquando Moneris appellatum. Ergo, tria vitae dominia habetur: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota (quae eukaryotes comprehendunt, quibus sunt nuclei).^[2] Perpauci scientistae Archaea ut regnum sextum addunt, sed rationem dominiorum reiciunt.

	Classificatio biologica							v•d•r
Imperium
	Regio
		Regnum Superregnum Regnum Subregnum
			Phylum/Divisio Superphylum animalibus aut Superdivisio plantis Phylum animalibus aut Divisio plantis Subphylum animalibus aut Subdivisio plantis Infraphylum animalibus aut Infradivisio plantis "Claudius" Supercohors plantis Cohors plantis Subcohors plantis
				Classis superclassis classis subclassis "parvclassis" superdivisio animalibus divisio animalibus subdivisio animalibus legio animalibus supercohors animalibus cohors animalibus subcohors animalibus
					Ordo superordo series piscibus ordo hyperordo subordo infraordo "phalanx"
						Familia sectio superfamilia epifamilia series lepidopteris grex lepidopteris familia subfamilia tribus subtribus
							Genus supergenus genus subgenus supersectio plantis sectio plantis subsectio plantis series plantis subseries plantis
								Species superspecies animalibus aut grex plantis species klepton subspecies animalibus aut varietas bacteriis hybris convarietas plantis supervarietas plantis varietas aut forma sive morpha animalibus subvarietas plantis natio superforma plantis forma plantis subforma plantis aberratio lusus

Notae

↑ Woese, Kandler, et Wheelis 1990, p. 4578: "The name we propose for this new and highest taxon is 'domain' (whose Latin counterpart we take to be regio)."
↑ Joel Cracraft et Michael J. Donaghue, editores, Assembling the Tree of Life (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2004), praecipue pp. 45, 78, 555.

Bibliographia

De historia

Larson, J. L. 1971. Reason and Experience: The Representation of Natural Order in the Work of Carl von Linne. Berkeley Californiae: University of California Press.
Stafleau, F. A. 1971. Linnaeus and the Linnaeans: The Spreading of Their Ideas in Systematic Botany, 1753–1789. Utrecht: Oosthoek.

De principiis

Atran, S. 1990. Cognitive Foundations of Natural History: Towards an Anthropology of Science. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37293-3, 0521372933.
Schuh, R. T., et A. V. Z. Brower. 2009. Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications. Ed. 2a. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801447990.

De gradibus superioribus

Thomas Cavalier-Smith, "Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses" in Biology Direct (11 Iulii 2006)
Thomas Cavalier-Smith, "Deep phylogeny, ancestral groups and the four ages of life" in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (12 Ianuarii 2010)
Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E-Yung Chao, "Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (eukaryotes, archaebacteria)" in Protoplasma vol. 257 (2020) pp. 621–753
Michael A. Ruggiero et al., "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms" in PLOS One (29 Aprilis 2015)
Carl R. Woese, Otto Kandler, Mark L. Wheelis, "Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 87 (1990) pp. 4576-4579

De gradibus inferioribus

Werner Kunz, "Was ist eine Art? In der Praxis bewährt, aber unscharf definiert" in Biologie in unserer Zeit vol. 32 (2002) pp. 10–19

Nexus interni

Nexus externi

Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life 2008.

[1] Woese, Kandler, et Wheelis 1990, p. 4578: "The name we propose for this new and highest taxon is 'domain' (whose Latin counterpart we take to be regio)."

[2] Joel Cracraft et Michael J. Donaghue, editores, Assembling the Tree of Life (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2004), praecipue pp. 45, 78, 555.

[1]

[2]

@@ Linea 18: / Linea 18: @@
 ==Bibliographia==
+; De historia
-*Atran, S. [[1990]]. ''Cognitive Foundations of Natural History: Towards an Anthropology of Science.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37293-3, 0521372933.
-*Kunz, Werner. [[2002]]. Was ist eine Art? In der Praxis bewährt, aber unscharf definiert. ''Biologie in unserer Zeit'' 32(1): 10–19. ISSN 0045-205X.
 *Larson, J. L. [[1971]]. ''Reason and Experience: The Representation of Natural Order in the Work of Carl von Linne.'' Berkeley Californiae: University of California Press.
-*Schuh, R. T., et A. V. Z. Brower. [[2009]]. ''Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications.'' Ed. 2a. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801447990.
 *Stafleau, F. A. [[1971]]. ''Linnaeus and the Linnaeans: The Spreading of Their Ideas in Systematic Botany, 1753–1789.'' Utrecht: Oosthoek.
-* Woese, Carl R., Otto Kandler, et Mark L. Wheelis. 1990. [http://www.pnas.org/content/87/12/4576.full.pdf "Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"].  {{PNAS}} 87: pp. 4576-4579.
+; De principiis
+*Atran, S. [[1990]]. ''Cognitive Foundations of Natural History: Towards an Anthropology of Science.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37293-3, 0521372933.
+*Schuh, R. T., et A. V. Z. Brower. [[2009]]. ''Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications.'' Ed. 2a. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801447990.
+; De gradibus superioribus
+* Thomas Cavalier-Smith, "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1586193/ Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses]" in ''Biology Direct'' (11 Iulii 2006)
+* Thomas Cavalier-Smith, "[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2009.0161 Deep phylogeny, ancestral groups and the four ages of life]" in ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B'' (12 Ianuarii 2010)
+* Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E-Yung Chao, "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7203096/ Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (eukaryotes, archaebacteria)]" in ''Protoplasma'' vol. 257 (2020) pp. 621–753
+* Michael A. Ruggiero et al., "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965/ A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms]" in ''PLOS One'' (29 Aprilis 2015)
+* Carl R. Woese, Otto Kandler, Mark L. Wheelis, "[http://www.pnas.org/content/87/12/4576.full.pdf Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya]" in   {{PNAS}} vol. 87 (1990) pp. 4576-4579
+; De gradibus inferioribus
+* Werner Kunz, "Was ist eine Art? In der Praxis bewährt, aber unscharf definiert" in ''Biologie in unserer Zeit'' vol. 32 (2002) pp. 10–19
 {{NexInt}}