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[[Fasciculus:Mauryan Empire Map.gif|thumb|400px|[[Imperium Mauryanum]] sub |
[[Fasciculus:Mauryan Empire Map.gif|thumb|400px|[[Imperium Mauryanum]] sub Aśoko ab [[Irania]], [[Pakistania]], [[Afganistania]] in occidenti ad [[Bangladesha]] et Indam [[Assamia]]m civitatem in orienti, et ad meridiem usque [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[Karnataka]] ([[India Meridionalis|India Meridionali]] patuit. (Anglice)]] |
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''' |
'''Aśokus''' vel Aśoka ([[Devanāgarī]]: अशोकः {{IAST|Aśokaḥ}}; c. [[304 a.C.n.|304]]–[[232 a.C.n.]]), fuit Imperator [[Imperium Mauryanum|Mauryanus]], qui paene omnem [[Subcontinens Indicus|subcontinentem Indicum]] ab anno fere [[273 a.C.n.]] ad [[232 a.C.n.|232]] rexit. Aśokus fuit filius [[Bindusara]]e, nepos igitur [[Candragupta Maurya|Candraguptae]], qui hoc imperium nactus est anno 322 a.C.n., domumque imperialem Mauryanum condidit. Indiae maiorem partem Aśokus a patre recepit ipseque regnum magnopere extendit; postremo [[Kalinga (India)|Kalingam]] in orientalibus partibus Indiae expugnavit.<!--Verba Latinizanda|Haec expeditio cruentes disque cadaveribus fuit, aerumna et miseria, quae cum exstiterunt, Aśokam in gravitati mentis labefecit.--> Aśokus victoriam militarem esse inutilem agnovit, et sola victoriam [[dharma|dhammae]] discrimen facit. Is confessionem [[Buddhismus|Buddhisticam]] expressit et se apud bella nova omisit. |
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⚫ | Saepe appellatus unus ex Indiae mundique gravissimorum imperatorum, Aśokus post multas victorias militares paene totam terram quae hodiernam constitit Indiam rexit. Eius imperium a terra nunc appellata [[Irania]], [[Pakistania]], et [[Afganistania]] in occidenti ad [[Bangladesha]] et Indam [[Assamia]]m civitatem in orienti, et ad meridiem usque [[brahmagiri]] in [[Karnataka]] patuit. Regnum dictum [[Kalinga]]m vicit, quod nemo suae domus, ne [[Candragupta Maurya]] quidem, vicerat. Suum [[caput (curbs)|caput]] fuit [[Magadha]], fortasse in civitate nunc appellata [[Bihar]].<ref>Sed Ranajit Pal (2002) indicat primam Magadhae mentionem esse in [[Edicta Asokae|Edictis Asokae]], inter septentriones et occasum solis spectanti, et prima Magadha fuisse in in [[Baluchistania]], in regione ad occidentem vergenti. Tota reliquiarum Mauryarum Nandarumque absentia in regione Patna monstrat hoc probabiliter non fuisse Aśoki caput.</ref> |
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⚫ | Visis necibus accumulatis belli [[Kalinga (India)|Kalingae]], quod ipse ex appetitu victoriae gesserat, is [[Buddhismus|Buddhismum]] doctrinae [[Veda|Vedicae]] amplectus, se dedicavit ad Buddhismum trans [[Asia]]m propagandum et monumenta construxit ad gravissimos [[Gautama Buddha|Gautamae Buddhae]] situs designandos. Aśokus porro se consecravit ad studium [[ahimsa]]e ([[non violentiae]]), [[amor]]is, [[veritas|veritatis]], [[tolerantia]]e, et [[vegetarianismus|vegetarianismi]]. [[Historia|Historici]] eum arbitrantur administratorem [[philanthropia|philanthropicum]], et is ergo in [[historia Indiae]] appellatur "imperator omnium saeculorum" et "imperator imperatorum" (''samrath [[chakravartin]]''). |
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⚫ | Saepe appellatus unus ex Indiae mundique gravissimorum imperatorum, |
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⚫ | Visis necibus accumulatis belli [[Kalinga (India)|Kalingae]], quod ipse ex appetitu victoriae gesserat, is [[Buddhismus|Buddhismum]] doctrinae [[Veda|Vedicae]] amplectus, se dedicavit ad Buddhismum trans [[Asia]]m propagandum et monumenta construxit ad gravissimos [[Gautama Buddha|Gautamae Buddhae]] situs designandos. |
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Verbum ''aśokae'' [[Sanscritice]] significat 'sine dolore', ex verbis ''a'' 'nullus, sine' et ''soka'' 'dolor, maeror, anxietas, cura'. In suis [[Edicta Asokae|edictis]], appellatur "Devānāmpriya" ([[Devanāgarī]]: देवानांप्रिय) ''Devānaṃpiya'' 'amatus deorum') et "Priyadarśin" ([[Devanāgarī]]: प्रियदर्शी ''Piyadassī'' 'qui unumquemque suaviter respicit'. Alius eius titulus est "Dhamma" ([[Prakrite]]: धम्मः 'legitimus, pius, probus'). |
Verbum ''aśokae'' [[Sanscritice]] significat 'sine dolore', ex verbis ''a'' 'nullus, sine' et ''soka'' 'dolor, maeror, anxietas, cura'. In suis [[Edicta Asokae|edictis]], appellatur "Devānāmpriya" ([[Devanāgarī]]: देवानांप्रिय) ''Devānaṃpiya'' 'amatus deorum') et "Priyadarśin" ([[Devanāgarī]]: प्रियदर्शी ''Piyadassī'' 'qui unumquemque suaviter respicit'. Alius eius titulus est "Dhamma" ([[Prakrite]]: धम्मः 'legitimus, pius, probus'). |
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[[H. G. Wells]], notissimus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Regni Britanniarum]] [[scriptor]] et [[criticus socialis]], in magno eius opere ''[[The Outline of History]]'' ([[1920]]), de |
[[H. G. Wells]], notissimus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Regni Britanniarum]] [[scriptor]] et [[criticus socialis]], in magno eius opere ''[[The Outline of History]]'' ([[1920]]), de Aśoko scripsit: |
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:Fuerunt in historia mundi milia regum imperatorumque qui se appellaverunt "eorum altitudines," "eorum maiestates," "eorum elatissimae maiestates," et cetera. Breve temporis punctum fulserunt, et tam breviter e conspectu evanuerunt; sed |
:Fuerunt in historia mundi milia regum imperatorumque qui se appellaverunt "eorum altitudines," "eorum maiestates," "eorum elatissimae maiestates," et cetera. Breve temporis punctum fulserunt, et tam breviter e conspectu evanuerunt; sed Aśokus fulget, fulgetque splendide, splendida sicut stella, usque adeo ad hodiernum diem. |
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Cum eius [[Edicta Asokae|edictis]], eius fabula enarratur in ''[[Asokavadana|Aśokāvadāna]]'' ('Narratione |
Cum eius [[Edicta Asokae|edictis]], eius fabula enarratur in ''[[Asokavadana|Aśokāvadāna]]'' ('Narratione Aśoki') et ''[[Divyavadana|Divyāvadāna]]'' ('Narratione divina') [[saeculum 2|saeculi secundi]] exeuntis, et in libro [[lingua Sinhala|Sinhalo]] ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' ('Annalibus Magnis'). Post fere duo millennia, eius potestas in [[Asia Meridionalis|Asia Meridionali]] et praecipue [[subcontinens Indicus|subcontinenti Indico]] iam videtur: insigne ex eius imperio effosso hodie est proprium [[insigne Indiae|Indiae insigne]], et in [[historia Buddhismi]], is gradum tenet tantum sub gradu ipsius [[Gautama Buddha|Gautamae Buddhae]]. |
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== Vita == |
== Vita == |
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Aśokus fuit filius [[Bindusara]]e, imperatoris [[Imperium Mauryanum|Mauryani]], et Dharmae, reginae gradus inferioris.<ref>Quamquam filia [[Brahmin]], vel Shubhadrangi, ea inferior aestimata est quia sanguinis regii non fuit.</ref> Aśoko fuerunt nonnulli fratres maiores natu (omnes filii vitrici, ex aliis Bindusarae uxoribus) et solum unus frater minoris, Vitthashoka, puer amatissimus, ex eadem matre. Propter ingenii acumen et sollertias militares, Aśokus habetur fuisse deliciae avi, [[Candragupta Maurya|Candraguptae Mauryae]]. Secundum fabulam, cum Candragupta, [[Iainismus|Iainista]] vivere volens, singulare imperio se abdicaret, suum gladium abiecit, quod invenit conservavitque Aśokus. |
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[[Ksatriya|Kśatriya]] natus, |
[[Ksatriya|Kśatriya]] natus, Aśokus regiam educationem militarem doctrinamque [[Veda|Vedicam]] accepit, sed adulescens fuit improbus importunusque, venator impavidus. Multi historici dicunt eum non fuisse delicatum, sed corpore robustum. Tradunt eum potuisse [[leo]]nem vel [[tigris|tigridem]] solum virga lignea interficere, [[elephas|elephantem]] capulo cultri, armatos quoque milites vincere manibus nudis. Sollers fuit [[gladius|gladio]]; sic armatus, quemquam potuit superare. Dux militum formidolosus durusque, missus est ad motum apud urbem [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] exstinguendum. Nonnulli historici subiciunt eum suos fratres necavisse ut se imperium adsequatur. |
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===Ascensus ad imperium===<!-- |
===Ascensus ad imperium===<!-- |
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Ashoka's success made his stepbrothers more wary of his intentions of becoming the emperor and more incitements from Susima led Bindusara to send Ashoka into exile. He went into [[Kalinga]] and stayed there incognito. There he met a fisher woman named [[Kaurwaki]], with whom he fell in love. Recently found inscriptions indicate that she would later become either his second or third queen. |
Ashoka's success made his stepbrothers more wary of his intentions of becoming the emperor and more incitements from Susima led Bindusara to send Ashoka into exile. He went into [[Kalinga]] and stayed there incognito. There he met a fisher woman named [[Kaurwaki]], with whom he fell in love. Recently found inscriptions indicate that she would later become either his second or third queen. |
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Meanwhile, there was again a violent uprising in [[Ujjain]]. Emperor Bindusara summoned Ashoka out of exile after two years. Ashoka went into Ujjain and in the ensuing battle was injured, but his generals quelled the uprising. Ashoka was treated in hiding so that loyalists of the Susima group could not harm him. He was treated by [[Buddhist]] monks and nuns. This is where he first learned the teachings of the [[Buddha]], and it is also where he met Devi, who was his personal nurse and the daughter of a merchant from adjacent Vidisha. After recovering, he married her. It was quite unacceptable to Bindusara that one of his sons should marry a Buddhist, so he did not allow Ashoka to stay in [[Pataliputra]] but instead sent him back to Ujjain and made him the governor of Ujjain. |
Meanwhile, there was again a violent uprising in [[Ujjain]]. Emperor Bindusara summoned Ashoka out of exile after two years. Ashoka went into Ujjain and in the ensuing battle was injured, but his generals quelled the uprising. Ashoka was treated in hiding so that loyalists of the Susima group could not harm him. He was treated by [[Buddhist]] monks and nuns. This is where he first learned the teachings of the [[Buddha]], and it is also where he met Devi, who was his personal nurse and the daughter of a merchant from adjacent Vidisha. After recovering, he married her. It was quite unacceptable to Bindusara that one of his sons should marry a Buddhist, so he did not allow Ashoka to stay in [[Pataliputra]] but instead sent him back to Ujjain and made him the governor of Ujjain. --> |
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[[Fasciculus:1 rupee old obverse.jpg|thumb|right|In nummis Indicis videtur capitulum columnae ab Aśoko erectae, quattuor leonibus ornatae.]] |
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[[File:Newpaisa.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Most of the Indian currencies including coins contain the symbol of Lion capital of Ashoka]] --> |
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=== Victoria Kalingensis === |
=== Victoria Kalingensis === |
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=== Mors et legatum === |
=== Mors et legatum === |
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[[Fasciculus:AsokaKandahar.jpg|thumb|Inscriptio in linguis [[lingua Graeca|Graeca]] et [[lingua Aramaica|Aramaica]] ab |
[[Fasciculus:AsokaKandahar.jpg|thumb|Inscriptio in linguis [[lingua Graeca|Graeca]] et [[lingua Aramaica|Aramaica]] ab Asoko rege scripta apud [[Kandahar]] (Shar-i-kuna). [[Kabul]] Museum.]] |
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Asokus fere quadraginta annos rexit.<!-- After his death, the Mauryan dynasty lasted just fifty more years. Ashoka had many wives and children, but many of their names are lost to time. [[Mahinda|Mahindra]] and [[Sanghamitra]] were twins born by his first wife, Devi, in the city of [[Ujjain]]. He had entrusted to them the job of making his state religion, Buddhism, more popular across the known and the unknown world. [[Mahinda|Mahindra]] and [[Sanghamitra]] went into [[Sri Lanka]] and converted the King, the Queen and their people to Buddhism. They were naturally not handling state affairs after him. --> |
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==== Regnum Buddhisticum ==== |
==== Regnum Buddhisticum ==== |
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== Fontes historici == |
== Fontes historici == |
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==Chronologia vitae |
==Chronologia vitae Asoki (annis a.C.n.)== |
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* 304, natus |
* 304, natus |
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* 286, coniugium cum Maharani devi |
* 286, coniugium cum Maharani devi |
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== Sententiae == |
== Sententiae == |
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=== |
===Asoki ipsius===<!-- |
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[[File:6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG|thumb|350px|Fragment of the 6th Pillar Edicts of Ashoka (238 BCE), in [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]], sandstones. [[British Museum]].]] |
[[File:6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG|thumb|350px|Fragment of the 6th Pillar Edicts of Ashoka (238 BCE), in [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]], sandstones. [[British Museum]].]] |
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* All men are my children. What I desire for my own children, and I desire their welfare and happiness both in this world and the next, which I desire for all men. You do not understand to what extent I desire this, and if some of you do understand, you do not understand the full extent of my desire. --> |
* All men are my children. What I desire for my own children, and I desire their welfare and happiness both in this world and the next, which I desire for all men. You do not understand to what extent I desire this, and if some of you do understand, you do not understand the full extent of my desire. --> |
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=== De |
=== De Asoko === |
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== |
== Asokus hodie == |
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=== In artificibus et pelliculis === |
=== In artificibus et pelliculis === |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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== Fontes de vita et regno |
== Fontes de vita et regno Asoki == |
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* ''[[Asokavadana|Aśokāvadāna]]'' |
* ''[[Asokavadana|Aśokāvadāna]]'' |
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* [[Edicta Asokae]] |
* [[Edicta Asokae]] |
Emendatio ex 23:15, 10 Decembris 2011
Aśokus vel Aśoka (Devanāgarī: अशोकः Aśokaḥ; c. 304–232 a.C.n.), fuit Imperator Mauryanus, qui paene omnem subcontinentem Indicum ab anno fere 273 a.C.n. ad 232 rexit. Aśokus fuit filius Bindusarae, nepos igitur Candraguptae, qui hoc imperium nactus est anno 322 a.C.n., domumque imperialem Mauryanum condidit. Indiae maiorem partem Aśokus a patre recepit ipseque regnum magnopere extendit; postremo Kalingam in orientalibus partibus Indiae expugnavit. Aśokus victoriam militarem esse inutilem agnovit, et sola victoriam dhammae discrimen facit. Is confessionem Buddhisticam expressit et se apud bella nova omisit.
Saepe appellatus unus ex Indiae mundique gravissimorum imperatorum, Aśokus post multas victorias militares paene totam terram quae hodiernam constitit Indiam rexit. Eius imperium a terra nunc appellata Irania, Pakistania, et Afganistania in occidenti ad Bangladesha et Indam Assamiam civitatem in orienti, et ad meridiem usque brahmagiri in Karnataka patuit. Regnum dictum Kalingam vicit, quod nemo suae domus, ne Candragupta Maurya quidem, vicerat. Suum caput fuit Magadha, fortasse in civitate nunc appellata Bihar.[1]
Visis necibus accumulatis belli Kalingae, quod ipse ex appetitu victoriae gesserat, is Buddhismum doctrinae Vedicae amplectus, se dedicavit ad Buddhismum trans Asiam propagandum et monumenta construxit ad gravissimos Gautamae Buddhae situs designandos. Aśokus porro se consecravit ad studium ahimsae (non violentiae), amoris, veritatis, tolerantiae, et vegetarianismi. Historici eum arbitrantur administratorem philanthropicum, et is ergo in historia Indiae appellatur "imperator omnium saeculorum" et "imperator imperatorum" (samrath chakravartin).
Verbum aśokae Sanscritice significat 'sine dolore', ex verbis a 'nullus, sine' et soka 'dolor, maeror, anxietas, cura'. In suis edictis, appellatur "Devānāmpriya" (Devanāgarī: देवानांप्रिय) Devānaṃpiya 'amatus deorum') et "Priyadarśin" (Devanāgarī: प्रियदर्शी Piyadassī 'qui unumquemque suaviter respicit'. Alius eius titulus est "Dhamma" (Prakrite: धम्मः 'legitimus, pius, probus').
H. G. Wells, notissimus Regni Britanniarum scriptor et criticus socialis, in magno eius opere The Outline of History (1920), de Aśoko scripsit:
- Fuerunt in historia mundi milia regum imperatorumque qui se appellaverunt "eorum altitudines," "eorum maiestates," "eorum elatissimae maiestates," et cetera. Breve temporis punctum fulserunt, et tam breviter e conspectu evanuerunt; sed Aśokus fulget, fulgetque splendide, splendida sicut stella, usque adeo ad hodiernum diem.
Cum eius edictis, eius fabula enarratur in Aśokāvadāna ('Narratione Aśoki') et Divyāvadāna ('Narratione divina') saeculi secundi exeuntis, et in libro Sinhalo Mahavamsa ('Annalibus Magnis'). Post fere duo millennia, eius potestas in Asia Meridionali et praecipue subcontinenti Indico iam videtur: insigne ex eius imperio effosso hodie est proprium Indiae insigne, et in historia Buddhismi, is gradum tenet tantum sub gradu ipsius Gautamae Buddhae.
Vita
Aśokus fuit filius Bindusarae, imperatoris Mauryani, et Dharmae, reginae gradus inferioris.[2] Aśoko fuerunt nonnulli fratres maiores natu (omnes filii vitrici, ex aliis Bindusarae uxoribus) et solum unus frater minoris, Vitthashoka, puer amatissimus, ex eadem matre. Propter ingenii acumen et sollertias militares, Aśokus habetur fuisse deliciae avi, Candraguptae Mauryae. Secundum fabulam, cum Candragupta, Iainista vivere volens, singulare imperio se abdicaret, suum gladium abiecit, quod invenit conservavitque Aśokus.
Kśatriya natus, Aśokus regiam educationem militarem doctrinamque Vedicam accepit, sed adulescens fuit improbus importunusque, venator impavidus. Multi historici dicunt eum non fuisse delicatum, sed corpore robustum. Tradunt eum potuisse leonem vel tigridem solum virga lignea interficere, elephantem capulo cultri, armatos quoque milites vincere manibus nudis. Sollers fuit gladio; sic armatus, quemquam potuit superare. Dux militum formidolosus durusque, missus est ad motum apud urbem Avanti exstinguendum. Nonnulli historici subiciunt eum suos fratres necavisse ut se imperium adsequatur.
Ascensus ad imperium
Victoria Kalingensis
Sententia Buddhistica
Mors et legatum
Asokus fere quadraginta annos rexit.
Regnum Buddhisticum
Fontes historici
Chronologia vitae Asoki (annis a.C.n.)
- 304, natus
- 286, coniugium cum Maharani devi
- 284, natus Mahindrae
- 281, natus Sanghamittae
- 272–273, initium eius regni
- 270, Rajyabhisheka
- 266, inclinatio ad Buddhismum
- 266–263, aedificatio Chaityas
- 264, Mahindra et Sanghamitta fiunt Buddhisti
- 263–262, Kalinga Vijaya
- 263, sententia Buddhismi
- 263–250, Dharmayatra
- 253–250, Tertium Buddhistorum Concilium
- 252, Yatra Mahindrae Srilanka
- 250 ad mortem, proselytismus Buddhisticus
- 243–242, edicta
- 236, Rani Tishyaraksha fit Pattarani
- 233, Princeps Kunal fit Upraja
- 232, mors ~ nirvana
Legatum
Expansio Buddhismi
Administratio
Ashoka Chakra
Columnae Asokae (Ashokstambha)
Capitalis Leonum Asokae (Ashokmudra)
Constructiones aedificatae ab Asoka
- Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Dhamek Stupa, Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Mahabodhi Templum, Bihar, India
- Barabar Cavernae, Bihar, India
- Nalanda Universitas, (partes sicut Sariputta Stupa), Bihar, India
- Taxila Universitas (Vishwaviddyalaya), (partes sicut Dharmarajika Stupa et Kunala Stupa), Taxila, Pakistania
- Bhir Agger, (retractatum), Taxila, Pakistania
- Bharhut stupa, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Deorkothar Stupa, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Butkara Stupa ,Swat
Sententiae
Asoki ipsius
De Asoko
Asokus hodie
In artificibus et pelliculis
In litteris
In cultura populare
Pinacotheca
-
Loci edictorum Ashokae
-
Stupa Dhamek
-
Stupa Bharhut (ruinae).
-
Despectus in ripas Daya Fluminis
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Porta septentrionalis Magnae Sanchi Stupae
-
Stupa Butkara, saeculi tertiae a.C.n. Stupae Buddhisticae temporis Mauryani fuerunt tumuli simplices, sine ornatu
-
Proselytismus Buddhisticus temporis Asokae
Fontes de vita et regno Asoki
Vide etiam
- Bellum Kalinga
- Bindusara
- Buddhismus
- Caput Leonis Asokae
- Cakravarti
- Candragupta Maurya
- Dasaratha Maurya
- Hinduismus
- Historia Buddhismi
- Historia Hinduismi
- Historia Indiae
- Index regum Indiae
- Jaugada
- Magadha
- Imperium Mauryanum
- Sisupalgarh
Bibliographia
- Bongard-Levin, G. M. 1986. Mauryan India. Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division. ISBN 0-86590-826-5.
- Chand Chauhan, Gian. 2004. Origin and Growth of Feudalism in Early India: From the Mauryas to AD 650. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 81-215-1028-7.
- Falk, Harry. 2006. Asokan Sites and Artefacts: A Source-book with Bibliography. Mainz : Philipp von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-3712-0.
- Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind. 1966. Asoka Maurya. Irvington Pub. ISBN 0-8290-1735-6.
- Keay, John. 2001. India: A History. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
- Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. 1952, 1967. Age of the Nandas and Mauryas. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 0-89684-167-7.
- Pal, Ranajit. 2002. Non-Jonesian Indology and Alexander. New Delhi.
- Sircar, Dineschandra. 1967. Inscriptions of Aśoka. Editio retractata. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
- Smith, Vincent Arthur. 1997. Asoka, the Buddhist Emperor of India. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
- Swearer, Donald. 1981. Buddhism and Society in Southeast Asia. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: Anima Books. ISBN 0-89012-023-4.
- Thapar, Romila. 1961. Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas. Delhi: Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-564445-X.
Notae
- ↑ Sed Ranajit Pal (2002) indicat primam Magadhae mentionem esse in Edictis Asokae, inter septentriones et occasum solis spectanti, et prima Magadha fuisse in in Baluchistania, in regione ad occidentem vergenti. Tota reliquiarum Mauryarum Nandarumque absentia in regione Patna monstrat hoc probabiliter non fuisse Aśoki caput.
- ↑ Quamquam filia Brahmin, vel Shubhadrangi, ea inferior aestimata est quia sanguinis regii non fuit.
Nexus externi
- http://www.bharatadesam.com/people/asoka.php
- Asoka honoratus vir inter fides apud ReadTheSpirit.com
- King Asoka and Buddhism. Studia historicalia et litteraria
- Biographia plena, cum gravissis Asokae vitae temporibus
- Vita Asokae Mauryae
Verba quae insequuntur vicificanda sunt ut rationibus qualitatis et Latinitatis propositis obtemperent. Quaesumus ut paginam emendes. |
- http://www.csuchico.edu/~cheinz/syllabi/ast001/spring98/Ashoka.htm
- http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/ashoka/
- http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/budhist/asoka.htm
- http://www.indiaparenting.com/stories/greatindians/gi014.shtml
- http://www.boloji.com/history/001.htm
- http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Emperor-Ashoka.shtml
- http://jainsamaj.org/literature/ashoka-270204.htm