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'''''Yajurveda'''''<ref>*1845 [[Albrechtus Weber|Albrechti Weber]] ''Yajurvedae specimen cum commentario''</ref> ([[Sanscritice]]: यजुर्वेद, compositum a ''yajus'' ie "[[sacrificium]]" + ''veda'' ie "[[sapientia]]") est una ex quattuor [[Religio Induica|Induicis]] [[ |
'''''Yajurveda'''''<ref>*1845 [[Albrechtus Weber|Albrechti Weber]] ''Yajurvedae specimen cum commentario''</ref> ([[Sanscritice]]: यजुर्वेद, compositum a ''yajus'' ie "[[sacrificium]]" + ''veda'' ie "[[sapientia]]") est una ex quattuor [[Religio Induica|Induicis]] [[Vedi]]s. Insunt praecipue in ea textus [[religio]]si de feriis et sacrificiis, quomodo agendi sint. |
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==Collections== |
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There are two primary collections or ''samhitas'' of the Yajurveda: Shukla (white) and Krishna (black). Both contain the verses necessary for rituals, but the Krishna Yajurveda has additional prose commentary and detailed instructions within the work itself. |
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===Shukla Yajurveda=== |
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There are two (nearly identical) ''[[shakha]]s'' or recensions of the Shukla (White) Yajurveda, both known as Vajasaneyi-Samhita (VS): |
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*''Vajasaneyi Madhyandiniya'' (VSM) |
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*''Vajasaneyi Kanva'' of [[Kosala]] (VSK) |
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The former is popular in North India, Gujarat, parts of Maharashtra (north of Nashik) and northern parts of Orissa, and thus commands a numerous following. The Kanva Shakha is popular in Maharashtra (south of Nashik), most of Orissa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Sureshvaracharya, one of the four main disciples of Jagadguru [[Adi Shankara]], is said to have followed the Kanva ''[[shakha]]''. The Guru himself followed the Taittiriya Shakha with the Apastamba Kalpasutra. The Vedic rituals of the Ranganathaswamy Temple at [[Srirangam]], the second biggest temple in India, are performed according to the Kanva ''shakha''. The White Yajurveda has two [[Upanishads]] associated with it: the [[Isa Vasya]] and the [[Brihadaranyaka]] upanishads. The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad is the most voluminous of all Upanishads. |
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The VS has forty chapters or ''adhyayas'', containing the formulas used with the following rituals: |
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:1.-2.: New and Full Moon sacrifices |
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:3.: [[Agnihotra]] |
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:4.-8.: [[Somayajna]] |
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:9.-10.: [[Vajapeya]] and [[Rajasuya]], two modifications of the Soma sacrifice |
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:11.-18.: construction of altars and hearths, especially the [[Agnicayana]] |
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:19.-21.: [[Sautramani]], a ritual originally counteracting the effects of excessive Soma-drinking |
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:22.-25.: [[Ashvamedha]] |
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:26.-29.: supplementary formulas for various rituals |
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:30.-31.: [[Purushamedha]] |
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:32.-34.: [[Sarvamedha]] |
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:35.: [[Pitriyajna]] |
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:36.-39.: [[Pravargya]] |
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:40.: the final adhyaya is the famous [[Isha Upanishad]] |
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===Krishna Yajurveda=== |
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There are four [[shakha|recensions]] of the Krishna ("black" or "dark") Yajurveda: |
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*''{{IAST|taittirīya saṃhita}}'' (TS) of [[Panchala]] |
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*''{{IAST|maitrayani saṃhita}}'' (MS) |
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*''{{IAST|caraka-katha saṃhita}}'' (KS) of [[Madra]] |
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*''{{IAST|kapiṣṭhala-katha saṃhita}}'' (KapS) of [[Bahika]] |
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Each of the recensions has a ''[[Brahmana]]'' associated with it, and some of them also have associated [[Shrautasutra]]s, [[Grhyasutra]]s, [[Aranyaka]]s, [[Upanishad]]s and [[Pratishakhya]]s. |
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'''The [[Taittiriya Shakha]]:''' |
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The best known of these recensions is the TS, named after Tittiri, a pupil of [[Yaska]]. It consists of 8 books or ''kandas'', subdivided in chapters or ''prapathakas'', further subdivided into individual hymns. Some individual hymns in this Samhita have gained particular importance in [[Hinduism]]; e.g. TS 4.5 and TS 4.7 constitute the [[Shri Rudram Chamakam]], while 1.8.6.i is the [[Shaivaite]] [[Tryambakam]] mantra. The formula ''{{IAST|bhūr bhuvaḥ suvaḥ}}'' prefixed to the ([[Rigveda|rigvedic]]) [[Gayatri]] mantra is also from the Yajurveda, appearing four times. The Taittiriya recension of the Black Yajurveda ''shakha'' most prevalent in [[southern India]]. Among the followers of this Shakha, the Apastamba Sutras is the common [[Shrautasutra]] associated with the Shakha. The Taittiriya Shakha consists of Taittiriya Samhita (having seven kaandas), Taittiriya Braahmana (having three kaandas), Taittiriya Aaranyaka (having seven prashnas) (See [[Aranyaka Literature]]), Taittiriya Upanishad (having three ''prashnas'' or ''vallis'' - Sheeksha valli, Ananda valli and Bhrigu valli) and the Mahaanaarayana Upanishad. The Taittiriya Upanishad and Mahaanaarayana Upanishad are considered to be the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth prashnas of the Aaranyaka. The words ''prapaathaka'' and ''kaanda'' (meaning sections) are interchangeably used in the Vedic literature. ''Prashna'' and ''valli'' refer to sections of the Aaranyaka. |
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==Legend== |
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Legend has it that the vedic seer [[Yajnavalkya]] studied the Yajurveda collection under the tutelage of sage [[Vaishampayana]] maternal uncle of Yajnavalkya. Yajnavalkya's birth was with a purpose as purported by Gods. He was an `Ekasandhigraahi', meaning he learnt anything with just once teaching. The two came to have serious differences in interpretation. On one occasion, Vaishampayana was so enraged that he demanded the return of all the knowledge he has imparted to Yajnavalkya. Yagnavalkya regurgitated all the knowledge he had learnt in the form of flesh. The other disciples of Vaishampayana, eager to receive this knowledge, assumed the form of ''tittiriya'' birds and ate that flesh. Thus, that knowledge came to be called the Taittiriya Samhita (from the word ''tittiriya''). There is a secret meaning in this. As we know, it is impossible to regurgiate knowledge or learning, but the words are used in `srimad bhaagavata'. It is also of interest to know why the Guru himself did not take the vedaas he taught Yajnyavalkya, but instead asked his deciples to eat the flesh. Any way, after having regurgitated out the knowledge acquired from his teacher, Yajnavalkya worshipped [[Surya]] (the Sun God) and acquired new knowledge directly from God Narayana (suryantargata narayana) who preached Shukla yajurveda by taking vaaji rUpa, (god with horse face)<ref>haya, vaaji, ashwa, turaga are names referring horse in different lokaas</ref> which was compiled to become the ''Shukla Yajurveda''. This is recorded in srimad bhaagavata. |
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==Large numbers== |
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The Yajurveda documents the earliest known use of numbers up to a trillion (''parardha''). It even discusses the concept of numeric [[infinity]] (''purna'' "fullness"), stating that if you subtract ''purna'' from ''purna'', you are still left with ''purna''. [http://home.ica.net/~roymanju/Infinity.htm] {{seealso|History of large numbers}}--> |
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== Notae == |
== Notae == |
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==Literature== |
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*[[Ralph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith]], ''The Texts of the White Yajurveda. Translated with a Popular Commentary'' (1899). |
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*Devi Chand, ''The Yajurveda. Sanskrit text with English translation. Third thoroughly revised and enlarged edition'' (1980). |
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*''The Sanhitâ of the Black Yajur Veda with the Commentary of Mâdhava ‘Achârya'', Calcutta (Bibl. Indica, 10 volumes, 1854-1899) |
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*Kumar, Pushpendra, ''Taittiriya Brahmanam (Krsnam Yajurveda)'', 3 vols., Delhi (1998). |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.astrojyoti.com/yajurvedamp3.htm Play and listen to complete Yajurveda in MP3] |
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* [http://www.sanskritweb.net/yajurveda Sanskrit Web] Freely downloadable, carefully edited Sanskrit texts of Taittiriya-Samhita, Taittiriya-Brahmana, Taittiriya-Aranyaka, Ekagni-Kanda etc. as well as English translations of the Taittiriya-Samhita etc. |
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* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/index.htm Sacred Texts] Electronic text of the 1914 Arthur Berriedale Keith translation of the Taittiriya-Samhita at sacred-texts.com |
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[[ckb:یاجورڤێدا]] |
[[ckb:یاجورڤێدا]] |
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Emendatio ex 13:47, 28 Martii 2011
Yajurveda[1] (Sanscritice: यजुर्वेद, compositum a yajus ie "sacrificium" + veda ie "sapientia") est una ex quattuor Induicis Vedis. Insunt praecipue in ea textus religiosi de feriis et sacrificiis, quomodo agendi sint.
Notae
- ↑ *1845 Albrechti Weber Yajurvedae specimen cum commentario
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Haec stipula ad philosophiam spectat. Amplifica, si potes! |