Quantum redactiones paginae "Organismus" differant
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== Evolutio == |
== Evolutio == |
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In [[biologia]], theoria [[universus descensus communis|universi descensus communis]] proponit omnes [[tellus (planeta)|terrae]] organismos de commune auctore generis vel proavita |
In [[biologia]], theoria [[universus descensus communis|universi descensus communis]] proponit omnes [[tellus (planeta)|terrae]] organismos de commune auctore generis vel proavita generum congerie ([[Anglice]]: ''gene pool'') descendisse. Indicia descensus communis inveniuntur in notis quas omnes organismi viventes habent. Tempore [[Carolus Darwin|Caroli Darwin]], indicia notarum communium solum ex observatione similitudinum morphologicarum ante oculos deducta sunt, sicut inventum omnes aves habere alas, etiam aves qui volare non solent. <!-- |
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Today, there is debate over whether or not all organisms descended from a common ancestor, or a "[[last universal ancestor]]," also called the "last universal common ancestor." The universality of [[genetic coding]] suggests common ancestry. For example, every living cell makes use of nucleic acids as its genetic material, and uses the same twenty amino acids as the building blocks for proteins, though exceptions to the basic twenty amino acids have been found; however, throughout history, groupings based on appearance or function of species have sometimes been [[polyphyletic]] because of [[convergent evolution]].--> |
Today, there is debate over whether or not all organisms descended from a common ancestor, or a "[[last universal ancestor]]," also called the "last universal common ancestor." The universality of [[genetic coding]] suggests common ancestry. For example, every living cell makes use of nucleic acids as its genetic material, and uses the same twenty amino acids as the building blocks for proteins, though exceptions to the basic twenty amino acids have been found; however, throughout history, groupings based on appearance or function of species have sometimes been [[polyphyletic]] because of [[convergent evolution]].--> |
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Emendatio ex 07:13, 12 Octobris 2010
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In biologia, organismus (ex Graeco ὀργανισμός) est quaelibet res viva (sicut animal, planta, fungus, et microorganismus), vel latissime congeries molecularum quae tota res stabilis operatur et proprietates vitae habet. Alia verbi definitio est: "quaelibet structura viva, sicut planta, animal, fungus, vel bacterium, quae potest crescere et reproducere" (Chambers 1999). Nihilominus, multi fontes proponunt definitiones quae vira et opinabiles formas vitae non organicas (ab hominibus factas vel facturas) excludunt; pro reproductione, vira ex biochemica cellulae hospitis statu pendent.
Omnes organismi possunt totae res stabiles stimulis respondere, reproducere, augeri, et homeostasim sustentare. Organismi sunt unicellulares, vel, sicut in Hominibus sapientibus, ex multis billionibus cellularum in propriis carnibus (Anglice: tissues) et organis constant. Vox multicellularis 'multas cellulas habens' quemlibet organismum in plure quam una cellula consistentem describit.
Organismi divisi sunt in duos greges: prokaryoticum et eukaryoticum. Digeruntur prokaryotes in duo dominia distincta: bacteria et archaea (Cavalier-Smith 1987).
In vita multicellulare, verbum organismi usitate describit omnem congeriem hierarchicalem systematum (exempli gratia, systematis circulatorii, systematis digestivi, et systematis reproductivi) quae ipsa sunt congeries organorums; haec systemata vicissim sunt congeries carnum, ex cellulis factorum.
In aliquibus plantis et nematoda Caenorhabditis eleganti, cellulae singulares sunt totipotentes.
Artis vocabula
Omnes organismi ab scientia taxinomiae in taxa vel clades digeruntur. Taxa sunt numerati organismorum greges qui a re generali (dominio) ad rem specificam (speciem) patent. Usitata graduum ratio est:
Exempli gratia, Homo sapiens est binomen quod homines hodiernos significat. Omnes speciei sapientis socii, secundum doctrinam scientiae, inter se procreare possunt. Nonnullae species ad quodque genus pertineant, sed socii variarum inter genus specierum non possunt procreare ut progeniem feracem gignant. Generi autem Homini est solum una species extans: Hominem sapientem. Priores species—Homines erectus, neanderthalensis, et ceteri—facti sunt exstincti abhinc annorum multa milia. Nonnulla genera ad eandem familiam pertinent, et similiter a gradu ad gradum. Tandem regnum finitimum (in casu hominum, Animalia) in uno ex trium dominiorum ponitur, secundum quasdam geneticas structuralesque notas. Omnes ab scientia noti organismi viventes ab hoc systemate digeruntur ut species in quaque familia artius cognati et genetice? similes inter se sint quam speciebus in aliis familiis.
Vira
Vira, ad reproductionem metabolismumque inhabilia, usitate non habentur organismi. Haec autem iudicium est controversum, quia alii parasiti endosymbiontesque etiam sunt inhabilia ad vitam liberam. Quamquam viris sunt nonnulla enzymata moleculaeque in organismis vivis consuetae, extra cellulam hospitis non possunt reproducere, et earum rationes metabolicae hospitem et eius "machinas geneticas" requirunt, sicut organella in hospitibus eukaryoticis et congeriem enzymatum utilum (quas vira ipsa facere non posse) in hospitibus prokaryoticis. Cum vira nullum metabolismum liberum sustinent, et ergo non usitate aestimantur organismos, habent suorum generum, et evolvuntur eisdem modis quibus organismi veri evolvuntur.
Evolutio
In biologia, theoria universi descensus communis proponit omnes terrae organismos de commune auctore generis vel proavita generum congerie (Anglice: gene pool) descendisse. Indicia descensus communis inveniuntur in notis quas omnes organismi viventes habent. Tempore Caroli Darwin, indicia notarum communium solum ex observatione similitudinum morphologicarum ante oculos deducta sunt, sicut inventum omnes aves habere alas, etiam aves qui volare non solent.
Bibliographia
- Cavalier-Smith, Thomas. 1987. "The Origin of Eukaryote and Archaebacterial Cells." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503:17–54.
- Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. 1999. Sub voce "organism."
- Flechtner, Hans-Joachim. 1970. Grundbegriffe der Kybernetik—Eine Einführung. Stutgardiae: Wissenschaftliche Verlags-Gesellschaft.
- Doolittle, W. Ford. 2000. "Uprooting the tree of life." Scientific American 282(6):90–95.
- Hass, Hans. 1994. Die Hyperzeller: Das neue Menschenbild der Evolution. Hamburg: Carlsen. ISBN 3-551-85017-8.
- Hennen, Anna Maria. 2000. Die Gestalt der Lebewesen: Versuch einer Erklärung im Sinne der aristotelisch-scholastischen Philosophie. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann. ISBN 3-8260-1800-1.
- Osawa, Syoso Osawa. 1995. Evolution of the Genetic Code. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854781-5.
- Thoms, Sven P. 2005. Ursprung des Lebens. Frankfurt: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. ISBN 3-596-16128-2.
- Witzany, Günther Witzany. 1993. Natur der Sprache—Sprache der Natur: Sprachpragmatische Philosophie der Biologie. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 978-3-88479-827-0.
- Zimmerman, Rudi. 2001. Die Datentransformation: Das Individuum als selbstkopierender Datenträger und das Zeitalter des Systems Mensch. Berolini: Verlag Philosophie des Dritten Jahrtausends. ISBN 3-8311-1902-3.
Nexus externi
- BBCNews: 27 September, 2000, When slime is not so thick "It means that some of the lowliest creatures in the plant and animal kingdoms, such as slime and amoeba, may not be as primitive as once thought"
- SpaceRef.com, July 29, 1997: Scientists Discover Methane Ice Worms On Gulf Of Mexico Sea Floor
- The Eberly College of Science: Methane Ice Worms discovered on Gulf of Mexico Sea Floor
- Artikel, 2000: Methane Ice Worms: Hesiocaeca methanicola. Colonizing Fossil Fuel Reserves
- SpaceRef.com, May 04, 2001: Redefining "Life as We Know it" De Hesiocaeca methanicola, sub glacie methana in alveo maris Sinus Mexici anno 1997 inventa.
- BBCNews, 18 December, 2002, 'Space bugs' grown in lab "Bacillus simplex and Staphylococcus pasteuri . . . Engyodontium album The strains cultured by Dr Wainwright seemed to be resistant to the effects of UV - one quality required for survival in space"
- BBCNews, 19 June, 2003, Ancient organism challenges cell evolution "It appears that this organelle has been conserved in evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, since it is present in both"
- Interactive Syllabus for General Biology - BI 04, Saint Anselm College, Summer 2003
- Jacob Feldman: Stramenopila
- NCBI Taxonomy entry: root
- Saint Anselm College: Survey of representatives of the major Kingdoms "Number of kingdoms has not been resolved. . . . Bacteria present a problem with their diversity. . . . Protista present a problem with their diversity."
- Species 2000 Indexing the world's known species.
- The largest organism in the world may be a fungus carpeting nearly 10 square kilometers of an Oregon forest, and may be as old as 10500 years.
- Arbor Vitae.
- Quaestiones a pueris rogatae de vita et earum responsi
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