Propaganda

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Charta postalica Italica/Francica ex tempore Belli Orbis Terrarum I caricaturam? Gulielmi II orbem terrarum mordentis monstrat.

Propaganda, praeconium[1], sive divulgatio[1] (-onis, f), sensu lato hodiernoque, significant nuntios inter se congruentes, directos ad magnam hominum copiam, qui movant atque impellant eos ut quodam modo cogitent et se gerant. Nomen de Congregatione de Propaganda Fide deductum est, congregatione Ecclesiae Catholicae anno 1622 condita, quae curabat fidem Catholicam trans orbem terrarum pandendam. Nomen adsumpsit sensum hodiernum secunda decade vicesimi saeculi, cum Bellum Orbis Terrarum I gerebatur.

Articulus vicesimus Pactionis Internationalis de Iuribus Civilibus et Politicis omnia propaganda bellicosa prohibet.

Licet vocabulo quod est propaganda connotatio valde negativa nunc sit, propter adiunctionem eius cum acerrimis propagandae exemplis (e.g. propaganda Nazista quae Soa excusandi causa adhibebatur), huius vocabuli sensui primo connotatio illa non erat, et in usu erat ad multis de rebus tractandum, ut puta admonituum ad salutem publicam adtinentium causa, aut in signis quibus cives ad comitia censusve allicerentur, aut ad homines ut scelera vigilibus adferant hortandos, et sic porro.

Index

Exemplaria [recensere]

Propaganda motus Scandinavismi saeculo undevicensimo.

Chomsky et Herman [recensere]

Exemplar propagandae est theoria ab Eduardo S. Herman et Noam Chomsky prolata, quae systematicas animi propensiones in communicationis socialis mediis inesse arguit, easque causis oeconomicis explanare vult. Potest fieri ut haec, quae dixit Alexander Carey quaeque Chomsky in epistula quadam iam posuit, expeditissime rem explicaverint:

Vicesimum saeculum tribus progressionibus maximi politici momenti definitum est: auctu democratiae, auctu potestatis corporatae, auctuque propagandae corporatae ad protestatem corporatam a democratia custodiendam.[conv. 1][2][3]

Hoc propagandae exemplar, primum in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media anni 1998 libro oblatum, media privata censet negotiationes esse, quibus productum — lectores auditoriaque (potius quam nuntios) — aliis negotiationibus (eis, qui praeconia proferunt) vendatur, et quae in primis rectionibus et propagandà corporatà nituntur. Theoria "filtrorum" quinque classes profert quae genus nuntiorum in mediis ostensum decernant:

  1. Proprietas mediorum
  2. Mediorum argentarii fontes
  3. Informationis fontes
  4. Reprehensiones
  5. Ideologia anticommunistica.

Tria prima illa (proprietas, pecuniae fontes, fontesque) sunt ea, quae maximi momenti esse ab auctoribus ducuntur. Quamquam in exemplare exemplisque libro oblatis praecipue de Civitatum Foederatarum mediis actum est, Chomsky et Herman theoriam credunt haud minus applicabilem esse ulli civitati cuius structura oeconomica similis est illi, quam exemplar originem propensionis animi illius esse profert.

Historia [recensere]

Propaganda antiqua [recensere]

Belli Civilis Anglici tabula "The Cruel Practices of Prince Rupert" (1643) appellata

Propaganda tam longe abhinc in usu fuit quam indicia historica existiterunt. Inscriptio Behistun (c. 515 a.C.n.), quae Darii I ad Achaemenidarum regis officium ascensionem describit, a plerisque rerum gestarum scriptoribus antiquum propagandae exemplum esse ducitur.[4] Arthashastra illa a Canakyo (c. 350 - 283 a.C.n.) scripta, doctore scientiae politicae apud Universitatem Takshashila et primo Imperii Maurya in India antiqua ministro, de propaganda prolixe tractat, ut puta quo modo propaganda pervulgetur, usibusque eius in bellis gerendis. Chandragupta Maurya (c. 340 - 293 a.C.n.), discipulus eius et Imperii Maurya conditor, his disciplinis in ascensu ad potestatem usus est.[5] Exemplum aliud propagandae antiquae est Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib (sc. "Bellum Hibernicorum cum alienis"), opus duodecimo saeculo ab Dál gCais illis eo consilio scriptum, ut quasi veri Hiberniae duces effingantur.

"HIC OSCULA PEDIBUS PAPAE FIGUNTUR." (1545). Bullae papali Pauli III Theodisci pagani responsant. Ex picturarum in ligno insectarum serie a Luca Cranach maiore facta et a Martino Luthero mandata,[6] saepe nominibus Papstspotbilder aut Papstspottbilder nominata.[7]

Ecce capitulum: "Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere." (Noli nos terrere, Papa, banno tuo, et noli homo esse tam furiosus. Aliter nos convertemus atque tibi nates nostras ostendemus.)[8]

Notae [recensere]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ebbe Vilborg, Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok, editio secunda, 2009.
  2. ↑ Citatio in "Letter from Noam Chomsky" ad Covert Action Quarterly inventa, http://mediafilter.org/caq/CAQ54chmky.html
  3. ↑ review of Carey, Alex (1995) Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Propaganda in the US and Australia, University of NSW Press.
  4. ↑ Nagle, D. Brendan; Stanley M Burstein (2009). The Ancient World: Readings in Social and Cultural History. Pearson Education. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-205-69187-6 
  5. ↑ Boesche, Roger. "Kautilya's Arthasastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India", The Journal of Military History 67 (p. 9–38), January 2003.
  6. ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA4&dq=%22the+woodcuts+by+Lucas+Cranach+commissioned+by+Luther+near+the+end+of+his+life%22&hl=en&ei=7HtjTJP9BcL78AamrdzWCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22the%20woodcuts%20by%20Lucas%20Cranach%20commissioned%20by%20Luther%20near%20the%20end%20of%20his%20life%22&f=false
  7. ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=_leG5ztYoZwC&pg=PA61&lpg=PA61&dq=%22This+woodcut+sequence+of+1545,+usually+referred+to+as+the+%22&source=bl&ots=v01iFZ5bbi&sig=z9acEc9elPY2wpgXGb0-Ylq2co8&hl=en&ei=2DxeTMOaA8OqlAeEh7CZCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum#v=onepage&q=%22This%20woodcut%20sequence%20of%201545%2C%20usually%20referred%20to%20as%20the%20%22&f=false
  8. ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA198&dq=%22Don%E2%80%99t+frighten+us+Pope,+with+your+ban%22&hl=en&ei=bHFjTO2dCsGB8gbctpGJCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Don%E2%80%99t%20frighten%20us%20Pope%2C%20with%20your%20ban%22&f=false

Citationes Latine conversae [recensere]

  1. ↑ The 20th century has been characterized by three developments of great political importance: the growth of democracy, the growth of corporate power, and the growth of corporate propaganda as a means of protecting corporate power against democracy.

Bibiliographia [recensere]

  • Brown, J. A. C. 1963. Techniques of Persuasion: From Propaganda to Brainwashing. Harmondsworth: Pelican.
  • Bussemer, Thymian. 2005. Propaganda. Konzepte und Theorien. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2005, ISBN 3-8100-4201-3.
  • Chomsky, Noam, et Edward Herman. 1988. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. Novi Eboraci: Pantheon Books.
  • Cole, Robert. 1996. Propaganda in Twentieth Century War and Politics.
  • Cole, Robert, ed. 1998. Encyclopedia of Propaganda. 3 voll. ISBN 0765680092
  • Combs, James E., et Dan Nimmo. 1993. The New Propaganda: The Dictatorship of Palaver in Contemporary Politics. White Plains, Novi Eboraci: Longman.
  • Conley, Patrick. 2012. Der parteiliche Journalist. Berlin: Metropol. ISBN 978-3-86331-050-9.
  • Cull, Nicholas John, Culbert, et Welch, eds. 2003. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present.
  • Cunningham, Stanley, B. 2002. The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction. Westport, Connecticutae: Praeger.
  • Ellul, Jacques. 1965, 1973. Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes. Conv.. Konrad Kellen et Jean Lerner. Novi Eboraci: Knopf. Novi Eboraci: Random House/ Vintage.
  • Kingsbury, Celia Malone. 2010. For Home and Country: World War I Propaganda on the Home Front. University of Nebraska Press.
  • Lasswell, Harold D. 1971. Propaganda Technique in World War I. Cantabrigiae Massachusetae: The M.I.T. Press.
  • Le Bon, Gustave. 1895. The Crowd: a study of the Popular Mind.
  • MacArthur, John R. 1992. Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War. Novi Eboraci: Hill and Wang.
  • Marlin, Randal. 2002. Propaganda & The Ethics of Persuasion. Orchard Park, Novi Eboraci: Broadview Press.
  • McCombs M. E., et D. L. Shaw. 1972. The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly 36:176-187.
  • Linebarger, Paul M. 1948. Psychological Warfare. International Propaganda and Communications. ISBN 0-405-04755-X.
  • Rutherford, Paul. 2000. Endless Propaganda: The Advertising of Public Goods. Toronti: University of Toronto Press.
  • Rutherford, Paul. 2004. Weapons of Mass Persuasion: Marketing the War Against Iraq. Toronti: University of Toronto Press.
  • Snow, Nancy. 2010. Propaganda, Inc.: Selling America's Culture to the World. Novi Eboraci: Seven Stories Press.
  • Sproule, J. Michael. 1994. Channels of Propaganda. Bloomington, Indianae: EDINFO Press.
  • Stauber, John, et Sheldon Rampton. 1995. Toxic Sludge Is Good for You! Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry. Monroe, Cenomannicae: Common Courage Press.


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